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simultaneous reigns suggests that Scotland was a "geographically
homogeneous" kingdom: it never was divided into several
independent parts.
English history shows a strong contrast to Scottish one in
it's structure.
2.3.2. English history. Epoch from 1st to 445 A.D.
England as the Roman colony.
Time period from 60 B.C. to the beginning of the era A.D. is
considered today as an epoch of conquest of England by Roman army
under the command of Julius Caesar.
Period from 1st century A.D. to 445 A.D. is considered to be
an epoch of Roman occupation of England. England was a Roman
colony at that epoch, and there were no English kings, because
England was ruled formally by Roman emperors themselves. The
description of this period in Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is in fact a
compilation from Roman history of 1st - 5th (middle) centuries
A.D. as it appears in Scaliger's version of chronology.
It was 409 A.D. when, according to the Anglo-Saxon
Chronicle, Romans were defeated by Goths, leave England and their
power was never restored after that date:
"In this year the city of Romans was taken by assault by the
Goths, eleven hundred and ten years after it was built.
Afterwards, beyond that, the kings of the Romans ruled no longer
in Britain; in all they had reigned there four hundred and
seventy years since Julius Caesar first came to the country"
([2],p.11).
2.3.3. Epoch from 445 to 830.
Six kingdoms and their union.
From 445 A.D. we see six kingdoms on the English land. Each
of these kingdoms has it's own dynastic stream of rulers. Namely
they are
Brittany = Britain,
Saxons = Kent,
Sussex = South Saxons,
Wessex = West Saxons,
Essex = East Saxons,
Mercia.
These six kingdoms exist up to 828 A.D. when they all are
destroyed in a war and instead of them one kingdom is established
- the kingdom of England. It is the time of Egbert, who becomes
the first king of united England. The time of about 830 A.D.
could be called, following [6],[7], as the end of Six Kingdoms.
"It was 829 A.D., the time of Wessex king Egbert, when all
Anglo-Saxon kingdoms united into one feudal kingdom" [11, p.
172]. See Commentary 2 which speaks about the term "Saxon".
2.3.4. Epoch from 830 to 1040. This epoch
is finished by Danish conquest and then by
disintegration of Dutch kingdom in England.
Beginning from 830 A.D. English chronicles speak about only
one dynastic stream of kings (in united kingdom of England).
In the period 1016-1040 A.D. there was a crucial point in
English history. In 1016 Danish king Cnut Danish the Great
occupied England. He become the king of England, Denmark and
Norway simultaneously. But his state proved to be not stable and
after his death in 1035 it was divided. A representative of old
English dynasty Edward "The Confessor" (1042-1066) became a king
in England after that division. The year 1040 is represented in
the Fig.1 as one of the most important break points in English
history.
2.3.5. Epoch from 1040 to 1066.
Epoch of the Old Anglo-Saxon dynasty and it's fall
The reign of Edward "The Confessor" finished in 1066 A.D.,
which is a well-known date in English history. In that year
Edward died and after that England was occupied by Normans with
their leader William I Conqueror the Bastard. In 1066 William the
Conqueror defeated English-Saxon king Harold in Hastings battle
and as a result became an English king himself. Period of his
reign was 1066-1087. This well-known date (1066 A.D.) is also
represented in the Fig.1.
2.3.6. Epoch from 1066 to 1327.
Norman dynasty and after it - Anjou dynasty. Two Edwards.
This epoch starts with the beginning of Norman dynasty which
ruled England up to 1153 or 1154 ([7], p. 327). Just after it the
next, Anjou dynasty started in England. It existed from 1154 to
1272 ([7], p. 327).
In 1263-1267 a civil war broke out in England ([11], p.260).
After that, in the end of 13th c.- beginning of 14th c., the new
monarchy was established in England. First kings in this new
dynasty were Edward I (1272-1307) and Edward II (1307-1327). In
the end of the considered time period there was a war between
England from one side and Wells, Scotland and Ireland from
another side. England tried to occupy these regions but it's
attempt was not successful. In 1314 Scots won.
2.3.6. Epoch from 1327 to 1602.
This period is started with the reign of Edward III
(1327-1377) and is finished with the establishment of Great
Britain as a union of England and Scotland.
The last period from 1600 to the present time is a
well-known history, which we do not doubt and do not analyse
here.
Resume.
We see that English history could be divided into several
periods which are separated by well-known "break point" dates. We
argue that these division is not occasional one. It reflects the
existence of duplicates and chronological shifts in English
history.
3. PARALLELS BETWEEN ENGLISH AND BYZANTINE-ROMAN HISTORY.
GREAT BRITAIN EMPIRE AS THE DIRECT SUCCESSOR
OF MEDIEVAL BYZANTINE-ROMAN EMPIRE.
3.1. Rough comparison of dynastic streams
of England and Byzantine-Roman Empire.
We saw that old English chronicles claim that England was a
Roman colony for the first 400 years of it's history. Moreover,
when they speak about England at that times, they speak more
about Rome and Byzantine empire then about England itself. That
is why an idea of comparison of English and Roman-Byzantine
dynastic streams seems quite natural. For this purpose we used
the Global Chronological Map, which was already made by
A.T.Fomenko including dynastic streams of Rome, Byzantine empire
and England.
Even first glance on this map shows a surprising statistical
similarity of general structure for density of reigns in
Roman-Byzantine empire and in English dynastic streams. Such
specific "density picture" exists only for these two dynastic
streams - Roman-Byzantine and English ones. Now we are going to
describe this picture.
Consider a partition of time interval from 1st to 1700 A.D.
by decades. Let us calculate the number of kings in England whose
reigns intersect with a certain decade. For example if some
decade is covered by a reign of only one king then let us assign
number 1 to this decade. If it is covered by two reigns then we
assign number 2 to it, and so on. As a result of this procedure
we obtain a graph which shows us how many kings ruled inside each
decade. We call this graph as "density graph" for a given
dynastic stream.
Because of absence of kings in England before 400 A.D. the
values of density graph in that time interval are zero.
Approximately in 440 A.D. there were established 6 dynasties in
England (six kingdoms, see above) which existed up to
(approximately) 830 A.D. when English kingdoms were united. After
that union there was only one English dynasty up to present time
[2].
Similar procedure was applied to the dynastic stream of
Roman-Byzantine empire from 1st to 1500 A.D. Information about
all Roman and Byzantine emperors of 1st-15th centuries was used.
From 1st c. to 4th c. all Roman emperors are supposed to stay in
Italian Rome (and in it's colonies), and after 330 A.D. another
Roman dynasty in New Rome = Constantinople appeared. So, up to
6th c. there were two parallel Roman dynastic streams (sometimes
they had intensive intersections). In 6th c. after a known Gothic
war western Rome lost it's status as emperor's residence. From
that time only one Roman dynasty stream in Constantinople = New
Rome was existing constantly up to 1453. In 1453 after siege of
Constantinople by Turks this stream was finished.
The result of our calculations is shown in the Fig.2. There
are two curves in the Fig.2. At the bottom one can see a density
graph for Roman-Byzantine empire, and on the top - for England.
Note that English chronology is shifted down as the whole block
by approximately 275-year shift.
Both graphs look very similar. Both of them start with a
period of low density and then, at the same moment the density
increases very sharply. Periods of such high density have
approximately the same length and the same amplitude in both
cases. Then the sharp fall of density occurs simultaneously in
these graphs. After that both of them are approximately constant.
Their value changes mostly in a range of 1-2 reigns per decade
for remaining several hundreds years.
High density zone in English chronology is located
approximately in 445-830 A.D., and for Roman-Byzantine empire
this zone constitutes 170-550 A.D. The length is approximately
380 years in both cases. The duration of the historical periods
in England and in Roman-Byzantine empire being compared
constitutes about one and a half thousand years.
We should say once more that such specific density graphs
could not be find in other dynastic streams. It is a feature of
English and Roman-Byzantine history only.
Fig.3 compares density graphs for England and
Roman-Byzantine empire in a very rough way: only high density
zones are represented from the graphs. Fig.3 clearly shows that
the chronological shift between English and Roman-Byzantine
history is equal to approximately 275 years.
Of course, above method of comparison for two different
histories is very rough and could not be considered as a basis
for any statements. But such similarity for density graphs is
probably a reflection of the same origin of these two dynastic
streams (on a long time period). It is also possible that one of
them is a reflection of another one. Moreover, some well-known
facts from old English history could support this possibility.
For example, it is well-known that the old name of England
and English people was not "England" but "Anglia", "Angles" (from
"Angel"), maybe "Angeln" ([2], p.12-13,289). Term "Angels" as a
name of population appears in Anglo-Saxon Chronicle at a date 443
A.D. After that this term is used constantly. The first king
which was called as "king of Anglia (England)" was Athelstan
(925-940) ([7],p.340).
Note that "Angels" was also a famous noble feudal family in
Byzantine which includes Byzantine emperor dynasty of Angels
(1185-1204) ([15], p.166).
The natural question arises: may be the name "England" -
"Angels" - "Anglia" is the reflection of the name of Byzantine
dynasty Angels of 11-12th cc.?
It was only some preliminary remarks. They could only to
suggest that some connection between English and Byzantine
ancient history seem to exist. More careful analysis says that
these histories on a long time period are the same.
Remark. When we speak about a "dynasty stream" we mean simply
a sequence of kings in a certain kingdom which is ordered in
time. We do not care about family relations between these kings
(which is usually included in term "dynasty").
3.2. Dynasty parallelism between ancient and medieval England
from one side and medieval Byzantine Empire from another side.
General concept of correspondence between English and
Byzantine histories.
We have discovered that there exists a strong parallelism
between durations of reigns for English history of 640-1327 A.D.
from one side and Byzantine history of 378-830 A.D. continued by
Byzantine history of 1143-1453 A.D. from another side. This
parallelism is represented in a visual form at the bottom of
Fig.1.
More precisely, we discovered that:
1) Dynastic stream of English kings from 640 to 1040 A.D.
(400-year period) is a duplicate (reflection) of Byzantine
dynastic stream from 378 to 830 A.D. (452-year period). These two
dynastic streams coincide after 210-year chronological shift.
It means that there exists a subsequence ("dynastic stream")
of English kings whose reigns cover time interval 640-1040 and a
subsequence of Byzantine emperors whose reigns cover time
interval 378-830, such that they duplicate each other. Note that
not all kings or emperors from these epochs are included in those
dynastic streams. It is possible because often there were several
corulers (i.e., kings or emperors which ruled simultaneously).
2) The next period of English kingdom history: from 1040 to
1327 (287-year period) duplicates Byzantine dynasty history from
1143 to 1453 A.D. (310-year period). These two dynastic streams
coincide after 120-year chronological shift.
3) Dynastic stream of Byzantine emperors from 830 to 1143 also
duplicates the same English dynastic history of 1040-1327. It is
quite natural because Byzantine history has it's own duplicates
inside it. In particular, Byzantine history of 830-1143
duplicates Byzantine history of 1143-1453. For details see
[1],[24].
4) The ends of time intervals from English history
duplicating Byzantine history coincide with the break points in
English history which we pointed out earlier.
5) The ends of time intervals from Byzantine history
duplicating English history also prove to be certain natural
break points in Byzantine history. They generate a partition of
the whole Byzantine history into 4 parts which we will denote by
Byzantine empire-0, Byzantine empire-1, Byzantine empire-2 and
Byzantine empire-3.
3.3. Some details of dynastic parallelism ("parallelism table")
3.3.1. English history of 640-830 A.D. and
Byzantine history of 378-553 A.D.
275-year shift.
We used J.Blair's Tables [2] as the first main source of
chronological information and Anglo-Saxon Chronicle as the second
one. Below we use an abbreviation ASC for Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.
Note that sometimes different chronological tables contain a
slightly different data, but these differences do not influence
the parallelism which we are going to present here.
_________________________________________________________________
English history Byzantine history
_________________________________________________________________
English history of 640-830. Byzantine history of 378-553.
Wessex kings - one of the six Byzantine emperors dynasty
kingdoms in England of 400-830. starting from the foundation of
This dynastic stream is a part New Rome = Constantinople.
of the dense sequence of kings This dynastic stream is a part
whose reigns cover the time of the dense sequence of kings
axis with high multiplicity. whose reigns cover the time
See Figs.2,3. axis with high multiplicity.
This period of Byzantine history
is denoted as Byzantine-0 on Fig.1.
See Figs.2,3.
__________________________________________________________________
Commentary. Durations of reigns are shown in brackets
(rounded off to whole years). In the left column the whole list
of English kings is presented. In the right column almost all
Byzantine emperors appear. Only absent are names of some emperors
with very short reign and co-emperors of those ones who are
presented here. Note that all English kings (with only few
exceptions of very short reigns) are included in this
parallelism.
__________________________________________________________________
1. Cenwalch 643-672 king of 1. Theodosius I The Great
Wessex and 643-647 as the king 378 or 379 - 395 (16)
of Sussex. He ruled 29 or 25
years, if we consider only his
rule in Wessex (after 647 A.D.)
------------------------------------------------------------------
Queen Seaxburh 672-674 (2), ?
wife of K.Cenwel. Short rule
------------------------------------------------------------------
2. Cens 674-686 (12) according 2. Arcadius 395-408 (13)
to Blair. In Anglo-Saxon
Chronicle we see here two kings:
Escwine + Centwine (9 years in
total)
------------------------------------------------------------------
Caedwalla 686-688 (2). ?
Short rule
------------------------------------------------------------------
3. Ine 686-727 (39) according 3. Theodosius II 408-450 (42)
to Blair and (37) according to
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (= ASC)
------------------------------------------------------------------
4. Aethelheard 727-740 (13), 4. Leo I 457-474 (17)
and (14) according to ASC
------------------------------------------------------------------
5. Cuthread 740-754 (14) accor- 5. Zeno 474-491 (17)
ding to Blair and (17) in ASC (he ruled two times)
------------------------------------------------------------------
Sigeberht 754 (1). Short rule ?
------------------------------------------------------------------
6. Cynewulf 754-784 (30) accor- 6. Anastasius
ding to Blair and (31) in ASC 491-518 (27)
------------------------------------------------------------------
7. Beorhtric 784-800 (16) 7. Justin I 518-527 (9)
------------------------------------------------------------------
8. Egbert 800-838 (38). In 828 8. Justinian I The Great. In
A.D.(i.e., at the 28th year of 553 A.D.(i.e. at the 26th year
his rule) he consolidated all of his rule) he defeated the
six kingdoms into one - Anglia. Goths (this is well-known Gothic
The last 10 years he ruled as war) and became unique emperor
the king of Anglia. He is consi- in Roman-Byzantine empire. He
dered as distinguished king in ruled during his last 12 years
English history without any corulers. Well-known
emperor in Byzantine history
________________________________________________________________
3.3.2. English history of 830-1040 and
Byzantine history of 553-830. Rigid 275-year shift.
__________________________________________________________________
English epoch of 830-1040. Byzantine epoch of 553-830.
Anglia after consolidation into Is denoted as "Byzantine
one kingdom (see Blair [6]). empire-1" in the Fig.1.
__________________________________________________________________
9. Aethelberht 860-866 (6) 9. Justin II 565-578 (13)
-----------------------------------------------------------------
10. Aethelbald 10. Tiberius Constantinus
857-860 (3) 578-582 (4)
------------------------------------------------------------------
11. Aethelwulf 838-857 (19) 11. Maurice 582-602 (20)
------------------------------------------------------------------
12. Aethelred 866-872 (6) 12. Phocas 602-610 (8)
------------------------------------------------------------------
Here the old English chroniclers transposed two kings, namely -
the kings Aethelwulf (see No.11) and Aethelberht (see No.9) were
placed in another order (their Byzantine originals are Justin II
and Maurice). This confusion has a simple explanation: all four
English kings of this period have very similar names beginning
from "Aethel".
------------------------------------------------------------------
13. Alfred The Great 872-900 (28) 13. Heraclius
according to Blair and 871-901 610-641 (31)
(30) according to Bemont and
Monod ([7],p.340)
------------------------------------------------------------------
14. Edward the Elder 14. Constans II
900-925 (25) Pogonatus 641-668 (26)
------------------------------------------------------------------
15. Athelstan 925-941 (16). 15. Constantine IV
It is supposed today that he was 668-685 (17)
the first who took the name king
of Anglia ([7],p.340)
------------------------------------------------------------------
16. Confusion: the war with 16. Well-known confusion in
Northumbria. The Anglo-Saxon Byzantine history in the end of
Chronicle mentions about 7th century - beginning of 8th
three main kings of this period: century. Here there are several
Edmund I 941-948 (7), emperors with a short rules:
Eadred 948-955 (7), Leontius II 695-698
Eadwig 955-959 (4). All these or 694-697, Tiberius III 697-704
kings ruled relatively short or 698-705, Justinian II 705-711,
period Philippicus Bardanes 711-713,
Anastasius II 713-715 or 716,
Theodosius III 715 or 716-717
------------------------------------------------------------------
Thus, both confusion epochs (English and Byzantine) are matched
under the rigid chronological shift. We did not discuss here the
details because of mess structure of the chronicles of this time
period
------------------------------------------------------------------
17. Edgar 959-975 (16)+ Edward 17. Leo III Isaurian or
"The Martyr" 975-978 (3), and the Syrian 717-741 (24)
totally (after summation) they
give 19 years. Their names are
similar and consequently their
union is natural
------------------------------------------------------------------
18. Aethelred II "The Unready" 18. Constantine V Copronimus
978-1013 (35) 741-775 (34)
------------------------------------------------------------------
19. Cnut The Great Danish 19. Constantine VI Porphyrogenitus
1017-1036 (19). His death 780-797 (17). Let us note that
indicates the disintegration now we are in the end of historical
of Danish empire. Thus, this epoch which was marked out in
epoch is finished by the well- [1] and [24] as Byzantine empire-1
known event in the history of (527-840). Thus, in this column
Anglia. Let us note that this of our table we came to some
fragment of English history is important turning-point in
matched with Byzantine epoch Byzantine history
under 210 (or 275)-year shift
(approximately)
_________________________________________________________________
The old English chronicles placed in the end of this epoch
(in history of Anglia) two "short" kings:
Harold I Danish (1036-1039, ruled 3 years) and
Harthacnut (1039-1041, ruled 2 years).
We did not find the Byzantine duplicate-original for Harthacnut,
but the original-duplicate for Harold I will be demonstrated below
__________________________________________________________________
We continue the motion along English history in the left
column of the table. The parallel with Byzantine history will
continue (in the right column). But this parallel becomes more
clear and evident if we take the next epoch "Byzantine empire-3"
(1143-1453) instead of the epoch "Byzantine empire-2" (Fig.1). As
we explained before, these two epochs of Byzantine history are
parallel, i.e. they are duplicates (of course, not identical).
Consequently, we will list in the right column of the table the
emperors from "Byzantine empire-3" and also will indicate here
their duplicates from "Byzantine empire-2". And we will see that
the parallelism between English and Byzantine history will
continue until the fall of Constantinople in 1453.
__________________________________________________________________
3.3.3. English history of 1040-1327 and
Byzantine history of 1143-1453. Rigid 120-year shift.
__________________________________________________________________
English epoch of 1040-1327 Byzantine epoch of 1143-1453.
Is marked as "Byzantine empire-3"
in the Fig.1. It is the original
for "Byzantine empire-2"
__________________________________________________________________
20. Edward "The Confessor" 20. Manuel I Comnenus
1041-1066 (25) 1143-1180 (37)
------------------------------------------------------------------
The death of Edward "The Confes- After the death of Manuel I the
sor" indicates the beginning of hard time for Byzantine empire
Norman invasion. It is possible, began and the turning-point is
that English chronicles mean the well-known crusade and the
here in reality "Roman invasion" conquest of Constantinople in
because there is the parallel 1204. It is supposed today that
between some periods of Roman Italian Rome organized the
history and Norman history invasion in Byzantine empire
(see [1],[24])
------------------------------------------------------------------
The commentary to the dynastic stream of English history.
After the death of Edward "The Confessor" a new king Harold II
"Godwinson" took the throne. He ruled only 1 year and was killed
in 1066 in the battle near Hastings. From the other hand it is
known ([7],p.343) that in reality he got a great political power
in 1054 when Edward was alive. But the English chronicles placed
just before the rule of Edward "The Confessor" one more "short"
(i.e. with a short rule) Harold, namely Harold I "Harefoot"
(1036-1039) who ruled only 3 years. It is possible that this
Harold I is simply the reflection of Harold II
------------------------------------------------------------------
21. "Doubled Harold", i.e. 21. Isaac II Angelus 1185-1195,
Harold I Danish (1036-1039) and then he lost the power and
then Harold II (1066 year). appeared on Byzantine throne
Harold II ruled only 9 months. again in 1203 (second time). He
It is clear that this "doubled ruled no more than 1 year and
Harold" is the reflection of finally lost the power in 1204,
Byzantine"doubled Isaac Angelus", after the conquest of Constanti-
who ruled two times. His second nople by crusaders. Thus, his
rule was short: less than 1 year second rule was no more than 1
year
------------------------------------------------------------------
Norman conquest of Anglia. The The conquest of Byzantine empire
famous battle near Hastings in by crusaders. Famous fourth
1066 crusade 1199-1204
------------------------------------------------------------------
We will speak later and more detailed about the parallel between
these events
------------------------------------------------------------------
22. William I of Normandy 22. Theodore I Lascaris
(Bastard) The Conqueror 1066- 1204-1222 (18). In 1204 a new
-1087 (21). His rule starts the Nicaean empire starts on the
new Norman dynasty in Anglia territory of Byzantine empire. The
reflection of Theodore in Byzantine
empire-2 is Basil I the Macedonian
867-887 (19)
------------------------------------------------------------------
23. William II "Rufus" 1087-1101 23. Possibly, there is some mess
(14). Thus, here we have 14 in the chronicles when they describe
years and in the right column the Norman dynasty and Nicaean
we have 11 or 12 years. We see empire. The first conjecture:
here some confusion in the the original preimage for William II
chronicles because in the right is lost. Second conjecture: this is
column Isaac II Angelus ruled again Isaac II Angelus. But in this
twice case the chronicle took the whole
his rule: 1185-1195 and then 1203-
-1204, i.e. totally 11 or 12 years.
------------------------------------------------------------------
24. Henry I 1101-1135 24. John III Vatatzes
(34 or 35 years) 1222-1254 or 1256 (32). His
reflection in Byzantine empire-2
is Leo VI "The Philosopher"
886-912 (26)
------------------------------------------------------------------
25. Stephen of Blois 1135-1154 25. Michael VIII 1259 or 1260
(19). King Stephen finishes the until 1282 or 1283 (23). His
Norman dynasty in Anglia ([7],p. reflection in Byzantine empire-2
357). The next king Henry II is Romanus I 919-945 (26).
starts a new Anjou dynasty in Michael VIII starts a new
Anglia Palaeologus dynasty which lasts
from 1261 until 1453
------------------------------------------------------------------
Thus the rigid chronological shift matches
English Norman dynasty with Byzantine dynasty of Angelus
and then matches
the next Anjou dynasty with Byzantine dynasty of Palaeologus
------------------------------------------------------------------
26. Henry II Plantagenet 26. Andronicus II Palaeologus
1154-1189 (35). Note that both 1282 or 1283 - 1328 (46). If
terms Plantagenet and calculated from 1283 to 1320 -
Porphyrogenetus have the same the moment when his co-ruler
meaning: "one who was born in Andronicus III began to reign
a shirt". This term has well- then duration of Andronicus II
known meaning - see commentary reign is 37 years. He was
below reflected as Constantine VII
910 or 912 - 959 (47),(49)
in Byzantine empire-2.
---------------------------------------------------------------
Commentary.
Term (name) "Porphyrogenetus" = "Porphyro" + "Genitus" could be
interpreted as "one, who was born in porphyr". It says about
birth in a "royal attributes", maybe "royal clothes", "royal
shirt". It suggests a rare case from medical practice when a baby
is born "in a shirt", i.e. still in placenta (placenta sounds
similar to "planta" - part of "Plantagenet"). In old times such
cases were considered as a sign of outstanding future for the
baby (good or bad one). We see in English version (left column) a
name Plantagenet, i.e. Planta + Genet. It means exactly "birth in
a planta, in a cover" - the same as "birth in a shirt"
------------------------------------------------------------------
27. Henry II established a known 27. Michael VIII. He was just
dynasty of Plantagenets (House before Andronicus II. He
of Plantagenet) in English established a known dynasty of
history. This dynasty was Palaeologus in the history of
finished in 1329 with Richard Byzantine. This dynasty covers
II. So, this dynasty covers time time interval 1261-1453 (up to
interval 1154-1399 ([27], p.346). the siege of Constantinople)
([27], p.636).
------------------------------------------------------------------
So, the chronological shift which we discovered puts together two
dynasties: Palaeologus' and Plantagenets. Dynasty of Palaeologus'
is finished in 1453 and reflecting them Plantagenets continue up
to 1399.
------------------------------------------------------------------
28. Richard I Coeur de Lion 28. Andronicus III Palaeologus
1189-1199 (10). Duration of 1320-1328-1341. Formally his
his reign is 10 years which reign lasts 21 years (1320-1341),
is close to 13 years - duration but his reign as unique emperor
of reign of his analog (without corulers) was only for
(original) in Byzantine 13 years (1328-1341). In 1328
empire finished the reign of his coruler
- emperor Andronicus II.
------------------------------------------------------------------
29.John Santer 1199-1216 (17) 29. John VI Cantacuzenus
1341 or 1347 - 1355 (15)
------------------------------------------------------------------
30. Henry III 1216-1272 (56). 30. John V Palaeologus 1341-1391
Henry III was the last king in (50). His has a reflection in
Anjou dynasty in England. Byzantine empire-2: Basil II
Dynasty of Palaeologus in Bulgaroktonos (975 or 976 -
Byzantine empire (right column) 1025). Basil II Bulgaroktonos'
is not finished at this point reign was for 49 or 50 years.
but it is near to the end
------------------------------------------------------------------
31. Edward I 1272-1307 (35) 31. Manuel II Palaeologus
1391-1425 (33 or 34).
------------------------------------------------------------------
32. Edward II Caervarven 32. John VIII Palaeologus
1307-1327 (20) 1424-1448 (23 or 24).
------------------------------------------------------------------
End of parallelism. In 1453 Constantinople was seized
by Turks and Byzantine Empire
changed to Turkey.
___________________________________________________________________
Fig.4 illustrates this parallelism. It is important that
durations of reign fit each other so well in the case when the
same chronological shift was applied to all reigns. All dynasty
was shifted as a whole, it's internal time was unchanged.
Fig.5 shows the same parallelism in a different form which is
designed for visual comparison of durations of reign in both
dynasties. For quantitative comparison we used numerical
characteristic of a distance between two arbitrary dynasties,
which was introduced in [1],[24]. It appears that this "distance"
drops into a range of values which are normal only for strongly
dependent dynasties (details about this numerical characteristic
one can find in [1],[24]). Recall that two dynasties are called as
dependent ones if they both reflect the same real dynasty.
Dependence of these two dynasties (we mean statistical
dependence of reign durations) is the main result of this paper.
It is in fact a formal result and we might finish on it. But many
not formal questions follow after this result is claimed. Main of
them is: what real events lay under both of these two dynasties?
What was the real history?
4. CORRECT ENGLISH HISTORY IS MORE SHORT IN TIME BUT MUCH MORE
DENSE IN EVENTS THAN IT IS SUGGESTED BY TEXTBOOKS
4.1. Our new concept of English history
The answer follows definitely from the above parallelism and
from the Fig.1. Naturally, the more new dynasty (one which was
later in time) is to be supposed as original one. This is a
Byzantine dynasty 1143-1453 A.D. It was denoted above as
Byzantine empire-3. In [1],[24] it was discovered that Byzantine
empire-3 is a source of information for it's reflections
Byzantine empire-0, Byzantine empire-1 and Byzantine empire-2.
Roughly speaking the whole Byzantine history is constructed from
several blocks - duplicates of the same epoch: 1143-1453 A.D. As
we discovered, English history being stringed to the English
kings dynasty is a duplicate of Byzantine history up to 1327 A.D.
(in English chronology) = 1450 A.D. (in Byzantine chronology).
Middle of 15th century was a time from which we have enough
information, so Byzantine dynasty of that time was surely a real
one. It suggests that Byzantine is an original in above
parallelism, and England before 1327 A.D. - a reflection. It
could be seen from the Fig.1 how English history before 1327 A.D.
was constructed from several reflections of Byzantine Empire of
1143-1453 A.D.
As a resume we present the follows hypothesis.
1) According to English history of 1-400 A.D. England at that
time was a Roman province. English history of that period speaks
more about events in Rome itself then in England. It was proved
in [1],[24] that Roman history of that time reflects real events
from 9-13th cc. A.D.
2) That chronicles which are supposed now to speak about
English history of 400-830 A.D. appear to describe Rome and
Byzantine empire-0. Therefore these chronicles reflect some real
events of 9-15th cc. which took place in Byzantine empire.
3) That chronicles which are supposed now to speak about
English history of 830-1040 A.D. appear to describe Byzantine
empire-1. These chronicles also reflect real history of 9-15th
cc. in Byzantine empire.
4) That chronicles which are supposed now to speak about
English history of 1040-1327 A.D. appear to describe Byzantine
empire-3 and therefore they reflect real history of 9-15th cc.in
Byzantine empire. The name "Anglia" (England) came from the name
of well-known Byzantine dynasty of Angels (1185-1204 A.D.)
5) Thus, in this hypothesis we suggest that those ancient and
medieval English chronicles which are now available and which are
thought by historians to speak about some events from the epoch
before the beginning of 14th century, are in fact devoted to
certain periods of Byzantine history of 9-15th cc. Roughly
speaking, ancient English chronicles are in fact Byzantine
chronicles which were taken from Byzantine to England and then
modified in a such way that they seem to speak about events in
England.
6) The time when written history of the island which is today
called as England really begins is most probably the epoch of
9-10th centuries. Now we have only very few information about
that early period of English history on the island. So the
description of English history of 9-13 cc. is in fact rather
fragmentary. But this information about real island events was
then "covered" by chronicles brought from Byzantine empire. The
resulting sum of two fibers: "island fiber" and "Byzantine fiber"
we can see now as the English history of 9-13th cc.
7) Starting from 14th century English history speaks about
real events in England only. Roughly speaking, traditional
version of English history becomes correct from 14th c.
8) One might ask: "If you are right, how to explain the fact
that in ancient English chronicles there are chronological
details about, for example, how many years there were between the
Flood and a certain event of English history? These chronological
details often agree with Scaliger's (modern) chronological
concept." The answer is follows.
At first, note that chronological and astronomical data from
ancient chronicles in many cases strongly contradict with modern
historical version. See [1],[24].
In the second, even if we see that a direct chronological
statement from ancient text agrees well with modern tradition, it
says really nothing, because all ancient chronicles which we have
today, were finally edited only in 15-17th cc. And it was exactly
the time when modern chronological concept was worked out (in
general). Such direct chronological statements are simply the
traces of chronological computations of 15-17th cc. At that time
historians "calculated" the dates of ancient events and then
placed (for reader's convenience) the results of their
(medieval!) calculations inside ancient historical texts. The
fact that chronological statements in different ancient texts
often agree means that today we have mostly the results of work
of only one medieval chronological school. It was the
chronological school which work was supervised in 15-17th cc. by
Roman-Catholic church.
Often, astronomical calculations were used for chronological
purposes. In this case there could be certain astrological
motivations in medieval astronomical calculations for chronology.
Medieval scientists, and historians among them, often trusted
astrology and could use it in their considerations. Maybe
medieval astrologers tried to solve problems like these: what was
the planetary configuration at the moment of coronation of
Justinian I (or when ancient lunar eclipses occurred etc.)?
Results of such astronomical calculations of 15-16th cc. could
be placed in ancient texts to make their chronology more clear.
It was large work and it might be very useful if the calculations
were correct. Unfortunately, medieval astronomers and historians
made a lot of mistakes. These mistakes are discussed in [1],[24].
As a result of such mistakes, ancient chronicles got an incorrect
chronological skeleton. This incorrect chronology was then
supported by church authorities and by medieval scientific
schools. It was the chronology which we have now in our
textbooks. And today, our contemporaries - the historians and
chronologists - take the ancient chronicles (from archives) and
with pleasure discover in them the "astronomical and
chronological information". Then, basing on the modern theory,
they date the described eclipses, horoscopes (i.e., the
configuration of the planets along the zodiacal constellations).
After this, historians discover (with great pleasure) that
sometimes these records from "ancient chronicles" satisfy to the
Scaliger's chronology (and, consequently, are correct). Of
course, sometimes there are some contradictions. And sometimes -
very serious. The real explanation is as follows: the medieval
methods for calculations were more rough that modern ones. Then
in each such case the modern chronologists "correct" these
"records of ancient chronicler". As a result, they form the
illusion of the correctness of traditional Scaliger's version of
ancient chronology. But what the modern historians really do when
the results of modern astronomical calculations sharply disagree
with Scaliger's chronology? As we know today (see, for example,
[1],[24]) the list of such contradictions is very long. This fact
shows that Scaliger's chronological version is wrong. But in all
such cases the modern historians start to speak (with a great
irritation and displeasure) about "ignorance of ancient observers
and chroniclers", about "impossibility to apply the modern
scientific methods to the analysis an ancient texts" etc.
The visual picture of our chronological conjecture you can
see in the Fig.6.
4.2. In which way the Byzantine chronicles were inserted
into medieval English history (of the island Anglia)?
The answer will be extremely simple if we will erase from
our minds the picture which is imposed by traditional Scaliger's
chronology.
Starting from 11th century, several crusades storm the
Byzantine empire. Several feudal crusaders' states
were founded on the territory of Byzantine empire in 11-14th cc.
In these states many nations were mixed: local population, the
crusaders from England, France, Germany, Italy etc. In these
crusaders' regions and in Byzantine empire the new culture was
created, in particular, were written a historical chronicles.
Among Byzantine inhabitants were a lot of people from Europe, in
particular, from some island, which later will be called England.
In 1453 A.D. Turks conquered Constantinople. Byzantine
empire was ruined and the crowds of its inhabitants leaved the
country. Many of them returned in the Europe, in their old
homeland. In particular, - in the island Anglia. These
descendants of crusaders took with them their Byzantine
historical chronicle, because these texts describe their own real
history in Byzantine empire (during many years - one or two
hundreds years). Several decades passed. On the island Anglia
starts the writing its history (i.e., the history of the people
living on the island). In 16-17th centuries some qualified
historians appear and start to create the general history of the
whole land Anglia ("from the beginning"). They search for ancient
documents. Suddenly they find several old trunks with "very old"
documents. The documents are dusty, the paper is very fragile,
and the old books fall to pieces. These chronicles were
transported from Byzantine empire. But now (in 16-17th cc.)
nobody knew this. Unfortunately, the prehistory of these trunks
is forgotten. And, unfortunately, is forgotten that these
chronicles describe the history of ANOTHER LAND. The English
historians of 16-17th centuries carefully analyse these texts as
the history "of island England" and put them into the basis of
"old British-island history, which started many centuries ago".
In some strong sense they were right because really the authors
of the chronicles were closely connected with island Anglia (but,
let us repeat, described ANOTHER LAND - Byzantine empire).
This process is quite natural and does not suggest any
special falsification of the history. Such natural errors were
inevitable at the first steps of creating of the general history.
As a result, appeared such chronicles as Anglo-Saxon
Chronicle, the Nennius' chronicle etc. After some time this wrong
version of an old English history stand stockstill, becomes a
"monument". Further historians simply modify (only a little) the
initial scheme of the history, add some new documents. And only
today, using some statistical and other methods we start to
discover some strange regularities inside the "history textbook"
homogeneous" kingdom: it never was divided into several
independent parts.
English history shows a strong contrast to Scottish one in
it's structure.
2.3.2. English history. Epoch from 1st to 445 A.D.
England as the Roman colony.
Time period from 60 B.C. to the beginning of the era A.D. is
considered today as an epoch of conquest of England by Roman army
under the command of Julius Caesar.
Period from 1st century A.D. to 445 A.D. is considered to be
an epoch of Roman occupation of England. England was a Roman
colony at that epoch, and there were no English kings, because
England was ruled formally by Roman emperors themselves. The
description of this period in Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is in fact a
compilation from Roman history of 1st - 5th (middle) centuries
A.D. as it appears in Scaliger's version of chronology.
It was 409 A.D. when, according to the Anglo-Saxon
Chronicle, Romans were defeated by Goths, leave England and their
power was never restored after that date:
"In this year the city of Romans was taken by assault by the
Goths, eleven hundred and ten years after it was built.
Afterwards, beyond that, the kings of the Romans ruled no longer
in Britain; in all they had reigned there four hundred and
seventy years since Julius Caesar first came to the country"
([2],p.11).
2.3.3. Epoch from 445 to 830.
Six kingdoms and their union.
From 445 A.D. we see six kingdoms on the English land. Each
of these kingdoms has it's own dynastic stream of rulers. Namely
they are
Brittany = Britain,
Saxons = Kent,
Sussex = South Saxons,
Wessex = West Saxons,
Essex = East Saxons,
Mercia.
These six kingdoms exist up to 828 A.D. when they all are
destroyed in a war and instead of them one kingdom is established
- the kingdom of England. It is the time of Egbert, who becomes
the first king of united England. The time of about 830 A.D.
could be called, following [6],[7], as the end of Six Kingdoms.
"It was 829 A.D., the time of Wessex king Egbert, when all
Anglo-Saxon kingdoms united into one feudal kingdom" [11, p.
172]. See Commentary 2 which speaks about the term "Saxon".
2.3.4. Epoch from 830 to 1040. This epoch
is finished by Danish conquest and then by
disintegration of Dutch kingdom in England.
Beginning from 830 A.D. English chronicles speak about only
one dynastic stream of kings (in united kingdom of England).
In the period 1016-1040 A.D. there was a crucial point in
English history. In 1016 Danish king Cnut Danish the Great
occupied England. He become the king of England, Denmark and
Norway simultaneously. But his state proved to be not stable and
after his death in 1035 it was divided. A representative of old
English dynasty Edward "The Confessor" (1042-1066) became a king
in England after that division. The year 1040 is represented in
the Fig.1 as one of the most important break points in English
history.
2.3.5. Epoch from 1040 to 1066.
Epoch of the Old Anglo-Saxon dynasty and it's fall
The reign of Edward "The Confessor" finished in 1066 A.D.,
which is a well-known date in English history. In that year
Edward died and after that England was occupied by Normans with
their leader William I Conqueror the Bastard. In 1066 William the
Conqueror defeated English-Saxon king Harold in Hastings battle
and as a result became an English king himself. Period of his
reign was 1066-1087. This well-known date (1066 A.D.) is also
represented in the Fig.1.
2.3.6. Epoch from 1066 to 1327.
Norman dynasty and after it - Anjou dynasty. Two Edwards.
This epoch starts with the beginning of Norman dynasty which
ruled England up to 1153 or 1154 ([7], p. 327). Just after it the
next, Anjou dynasty started in England. It existed from 1154 to
1272 ([7], p. 327).
In 1263-1267 a civil war broke out in England ([11], p.260).
After that, in the end of 13th c.- beginning of 14th c., the new
monarchy was established in England. First kings in this new
dynasty were Edward I (1272-1307) and Edward II (1307-1327). In
the end of the considered time period there was a war between
England from one side and Wells, Scotland and Ireland from
another side. England tried to occupy these regions but it's
attempt was not successful. In 1314 Scots won.
2.3.6. Epoch from 1327 to 1602.
This period is started with the reign of Edward III
(1327-1377) and is finished with the establishment of Great
Britain as a union of England and Scotland.
The last period from 1600 to the present time is a
well-known history, which we do not doubt and do not analyse
here.
Resume.
We see that English history could be divided into several
periods which are separated by well-known "break point" dates. We
argue that these division is not occasional one. It reflects the
existence of duplicates and chronological shifts in English
history.
3. PARALLELS BETWEEN ENGLISH AND BYZANTINE-ROMAN HISTORY.
GREAT BRITAIN EMPIRE AS THE DIRECT SUCCESSOR
OF MEDIEVAL BYZANTINE-ROMAN EMPIRE.
3.1. Rough comparison of dynastic streams
of England and Byzantine-Roman Empire.
We saw that old English chronicles claim that England was a
Roman colony for the first 400 years of it's history. Moreover,
when they speak about England at that times, they speak more
about Rome and Byzantine empire then about England itself. That
is why an idea of comparison of English and Roman-Byzantine
dynastic streams seems quite natural. For this purpose we used
the Global Chronological Map, which was already made by
A.T.Fomenko including dynastic streams of Rome, Byzantine empire
and England.
Even first glance on this map shows a surprising statistical
similarity of general structure for density of reigns in
Roman-Byzantine empire and in English dynastic streams. Such
specific "density picture" exists only for these two dynastic
streams - Roman-Byzantine and English ones. Now we are going to
describe this picture.
Consider a partition of time interval from 1st to 1700 A.D.
by decades. Let us calculate the number of kings in England whose
reigns intersect with a certain decade. For example if some
decade is covered by a reign of only one king then let us assign
number 1 to this decade. If it is covered by two reigns then we
assign number 2 to it, and so on. As a result of this procedure
we obtain a graph which shows us how many kings ruled inside each
decade. We call this graph as "density graph" for a given
dynastic stream.
Because of absence of kings in England before 400 A.D. the
values of density graph in that time interval are zero.
Approximately in 440 A.D. there were established 6 dynasties in
England (six kingdoms, see above) which existed up to
(approximately) 830 A.D. when English kingdoms were united. After
that union there was only one English dynasty up to present time
[2].
Similar procedure was applied to the dynastic stream of
Roman-Byzantine empire from 1st to 1500 A.D. Information about
all Roman and Byzantine emperors of 1st-15th centuries was used.
From 1st c. to 4th c. all Roman emperors are supposed to stay in
Italian Rome (and in it's colonies), and after 330 A.D. another
Roman dynasty in New Rome = Constantinople appeared. So, up to
6th c. there were two parallel Roman dynastic streams (sometimes
they had intensive intersections). In 6th c. after a known Gothic
war western Rome lost it's status as emperor's residence. From
that time only one Roman dynasty stream in Constantinople = New
Rome was existing constantly up to 1453. In 1453 after siege of
Constantinople by Turks this stream was finished.
The result of our calculations is shown in the Fig.2. There
are two curves in the Fig.2. At the bottom one can see a density
graph for Roman-Byzantine empire, and on the top - for England.
Note that English chronology is shifted down as the whole block
by approximately 275-year shift.
Both graphs look very similar. Both of them start with a
period of low density and then, at the same moment the density
increases very sharply. Periods of such high density have
approximately the same length and the same amplitude in both
cases. Then the sharp fall of density occurs simultaneously in
these graphs. After that both of them are approximately constant.
Their value changes mostly in a range of 1-2 reigns per decade
for remaining several hundreds years.
High density zone in English chronology is located
approximately in 445-830 A.D., and for Roman-Byzantine empire
this zone constitutes 170-550 A.D. The length is approximately
380 years in both cases. The duration of the historical periods
in England and in Roman-Byzantine empire being compared
constitutes about one and a half thousand years.
We should say once more that such specific density graphs
could not be find in other dynastic streams. It is a feature of
English and Roman-Byzantine history only.
Fig.3 compares density graphs for England and
Roman-Byzantine empire in a very rough way: only high density
zones are represented from the graphs. Fig.3 clearly shows that
the chronological shift between English and Roman-Byzantine
history is equal to approximately 275 years.
Of course, above method of comparison for two different
histories is very rough and could not be considered as a basis
for any statements. But such similarity for density graphs is
probably a reflection of the same origin of these two dynastic
streams (on a long time period). It is also possible that one of
them is a reflection of another one. Moreover, some well-known
facts from old English history could support this possibility.
For example, it is well-known that the old name of England
and English people was not "England" but "Anglia", "Angles" (from
"Angel"), maybe "Angeln" ([2], p.12-13,289). Term "Angels" as a
name of population appears in Anglo-Saxon Chronicle at a date 443
A.D. After that this term is used constantly. The first king
which was called as "king of Anglia (England)" was Athelstan
(925-940) ([7],p.340).
Note that "Angels" was also a famous noble feudal family in
Byzantine which includes Byzantine emperor dynasty of Angels
(1185-1204) ([15], p.166).
The natural question arises: may be the name "England" -
"Angels" - "Anglia" is the reflection of the name of Byzantine
dynasty Angels of 11-12th cc.?
It was only some preliminary remarks. They could only to
suggest that some connection between English and Byzantine
ancient history seem to exist. More careful analysis says that
these histories on a long time period are the same.
Remark. When we speak about a "dynasty stream" we mean simply
a sequence of kings in a certain kingdom which is ordered in
time. We do not care about family relations between these kings
(which is usually included in term "dynasty").
3.2. Dynasty parallelism between ancient and medieval England
from one side and medieval Byzantine Empire from another side.
General concept of correspondence between English and
Byzantine histories.
We have discovered that there exists a strong parallelism
between durations of reigns for English history of 640-1327 A.D.
from one side and Byzantine history of 378-830 A.D. continued by
Byzantine history of 1143-1453 A.D. from another side. This
parallelism is represented in a visual form at the bottom of
Fig.1.
More precisely, we discovered that:
1) Dynastic stream of English kings from 640 to 1040 A.D.
(400-year period) is a duplicate (reflection) of Byzantine
dynastic stream from 378 to 830 A.D. (452-year period). These two
dynastic streams coincide after 210-year chronological shift.
It means that there exists a subsequence ("dynastic stream")
of English kings whose reigns cover time interval 640-1040 and a
subsequence of Byzantine emperors whose reigns cover time
interval 378-830, such that they duplicate each other. Note that
not all kings or emperors from these epochs are included in those
dynastic streams. It is possible because often there were several
corulers (i.e., kings or emperors which ruled simultaneously).
2) The next period of English kingdom history: from 1040 to
1327 (287-year period) duplicates Byzantine dynasty history from
1143 to 1453 A.D. (310-year period). These two dynastic streams
coincide after 120-year chronological shift.
3) Dynastic stream of Byzantine emperors from 830 to 1143 also
duplicates the same English dynastic history of 1040-1327. It is
quite natural because Byzantine history has it's own duplicates
inside it. In particular, Byzantine history of 830-1143
duplicates Byzantine history of 1143-1453. For details see
[1],[24].
4) The ends of time intervals from English history
duplicating Byzantine history coincide with the break points in
English history which we pointed out earlier.
5) The ends of time intervals from Byzantine history
duplicating English history also prove to be certain natural
break points in Byzantine history. They generate a partition of
the whole Byzantine history into 4 parts which we will denote by
Byzantine empire-0, Byzantine empire-1, Byzantine empire-2 and
Byzantine empire-3.
3.3. Some details of dynastic parallelism ("parallelism table")
3.3.1. English history of 640-830 A.D. and
Byzantine history of 378-553 A.D.
275-year shift.
We used J.Blair's Tables [2] as the first main source of
chronological information and Anglo-Saxon Chronicle as the second
one. Below we use an abbreviation ASC for Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.
Note that sometimes different chronological tables contain a
slightly different data, but these differences do not influence
the parallelism which we are going to present here.
_________________________________________________________________
English history Byzantine history
_________________________________________________________________
English history of 640-830. Byzantine history of 378-553.
Wessex kings - one of the six Byzantine emperors dynasty
kingdoms in England of 400-830. starting from the foundation of
This dynastic stream is a part New Rome = Constantinople.
of the dense sequence of kings This dynastic stream is a part
whose reigns cover the time of the dense sequence of kings
axis with high multiplicity. whose reigns cover the time
See Figs.2,3. axis with high multiplicity.
This period of Byzantine history
is denoted as Byzantine-0 on Fig.1.
See Figs.2,3.
__________________________________________________________________
Commentary. Durations of reigns are shown in brackets
(rounded off to whole years). In the left column the whole list
of English kings is presented. In the right column almost all
Byzantine emperors appear. Only absent are names of some emperors
with very short reign and co-emperors of those ones who are
presented here. Note that all English kings (with only few
exceptions of very short reigns) are included in this
parallelism.
__________________________________________________________________
1. Cenwalch 643-672 king of 1. Theodosius I The Great
Wessex and 643-647 as the king 378 or 379 - 395 (16)
of Sussex. He ruled 29 or 25
years, if we consider only his
rule in Wessex (after 647 A.D.)
------------------------------------------------------------------
Queen Seaxburh 672-674 (2), ?
wife of K.Cenwel. Short rule
------------------------------------------------------------------
2. Cens 674-686 (12) according 2. Arcadius 395-408 (13)
to Blair. In Anglo-Saxon
Chronicle we see here two kings:
Escwine + Centwine (9 years in
total)
------------------------------------------------------------------
Caedwalla 686-688 (2). ?
Short rule
------------------------------------------------------------------
3. Ine 686-727 (39) according 3. Theodosius II 408-450 (42)
to Blair and (37) according to
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (= ASC)
------------------------------------------------------------------
4. Aethelheard 727-740 (13), 4. Leo I 457-474 (17)
and (14) according to ASC
------------------------------------------------------------------
5. Cuthread 740-754 (14) accor- 5. Zeno 474-491 (17)
ding to Blair and (17) in ASC (he ruled two times)
------------------------------------------------------------------
Sigeberht 754 (1). Short rule ?
------------------------------------------------------------------
6. Cynewulf 754-784 (30) accor- 6. Anastasius
ding to Blair and (31) in ASC 491-518 (27)
------------------------------------------------------------------
7. Beorhtric 784-800 (16) 7. Justin I 518-527 (9)
------------------------------------------------------------------
8. Egbert 800-838 (38). In 828 8. Justinian I The Great. In
A.D.(i.e., at the 28th year of 553 A.D.(i.e. at the 26th year
his rule) he consolidated all of his rule) he defeated the
six kingdoms into one - Anglia. Goths (this is well-known Gothic
The last 10 years he ruled as war) and became unique emperor
the king of Anglia. He is consi- in Roman-Byzantine empire. He
dered as distinguished king in ruled during his last 12 years
English history without any corulers. Well-known
emperor in Byzantine history
________________________________________________________________
3.3.2. English history of 830-1040 and
Byzantine history of 553-830. Rigid 275-year shift.
__________________________________________________________________
English epoch of 830-1040. Byzantine epoch of 553-830.
Anglia after consolidation into Is denoted as "Byzantine
one kingdom (see Blair [6]). empire-1" in the Fig.1.
__________________________________________________________________
9. Aethelberht 860-866 (6) 9. Justin II 565-578 (13)
-----------------------------------------------------------------
10. Aethelbald 10. Tiberius Constantinus
857-860 (3) 578-582 (4)
------------------------------------------------------------------
11. Aethelwulf 838-857 (19) 11. Maurice 582-602 (20)
------------------------------------------------------------------
12. Aethelred 866-872 (6) 12. Phocas 602-610 (8)
------------------------------------------------------------------
Here the old English chroniclers transposed two kings, namely -
the kings Aethelwulf (see No.11) and Aethelberht (see No.9) were
placed in another order (their Byzantine originals are Justin II
and Maurice). This confusion has a simple explanation: all four
English kings of this period have very similar names beginning
from "Aethel".
------------------------------------------------------------------
13. Alfred The Great 872-900 (28) 13. Heraclius
according to Blair and 871-901 610-641 (31)
(30) according to Bemont and
Monod ([7],p.340)
------------------------------------------------------------------
14. Edward the Elder 14. Constans II
900-925 (25) Pogonatus 641-668 (26)
------------------------------------------------------------------
15. Athelstan 925-941 (16). 15. Constantine IV
It is supposed today that he was 668-685 (17)
the first who took the name king
of Anglia ([7],p.340)
------------------------------------------------------------------
16. Confusion: the war with 16. Well-known confusion in
Northumbria. The Anglo-Saxon Byzantine history in the end of
Chronicle mentions about 7th century - beginning of 8th
three main kings of this period: century. Here there are several
Edmund I 941-948 (7), emperors with a short rules:
Eadred 948-955 (7), Leontius II 695-698
Eadwig 955-959 (4). All these or 694-697, Tiberius III 697-704
kings ruled relatively short or 698-705, Justinian II 705-711,
period Philippicus Bardanes 711-713,
Anastasius II 713-715 or 716,
Theodosius III 715 or 716-717
------------------------------------------------------------------
Thus, both confusion epochs (English and Byzantine) are matched
under the rigid chronological shift. We did not discuss here the
details because of mess structure of the chronicles of this time
period
------------------------------------------------------------------
17. Edgar 959-975 (16)+ Edward 17. Leo III Isaurian or
"The Martyr" 975-978 (3), and the Syrian 717-741 (24)
totally (after summation) they
give 19 years. Their names are
similar and consequently their
union is natural
------------------------------------------------------------------
18. Aethelred II "The Unready" 18. Constantine V Copronimus
978-1013 (35) 741-775 (34)
------------------------------------------------------------------
19. Cnut The Great Danish 19. Constantine VI Porphyrogenitus
1017-1036 (19). His death 780-797 (17). Let us note that
indicates the disintegration now we are in the end of historical
of Danish empire. Thus, this epoch which was marked out in
epoch is finished by the well- [1] and [24] as Byzantine empire-1
known event in the history of (527-840). Thus, in this column
Anglia. Let us note that this of our table we came to some
fragment of English history is important turning-point in
matched with Byzantine epoch Byzantine history
under 210 (or 275)-year shift
(approximately)
_________________________________________________________________
The old English chronicles placed in the end of this epoch
(in history of Anglia) two "short" kings:
Harold I Danish (1036-1039, ruled 3 years) and
Harthacnut (1039-1041, ruled 2 years).
We did not find the Byzantine duplicate-original for Harthacnut,
but the original-duplicate for Harold I will be demonstrated below
__________________________________________________________________
We continue the motion along English history in the left
column of the table. The parallel with Byzantine history will
continue (in the right column). But this parallel becomes more
clear and evident if we take the next epoch "Byzantine empire-3"
(1143-1453) instead of the epoch "Byzantine empire-2" (Fig.1). As
we explained before, these two epochs of Byzantine history are
parallel, i.e. they are duplicates (of course, not identical).
Consequently, we will list in the right column of the table the
emperors from "Byzantine empire-3" and also will indicate here
their duplicates from "Byzantine empire-2". And we will see that
the parallelism between English and Byzantine history will
continue until the fall of Constantinople in 1453.
__________________________________________________________________
3.3.3. English history of 1040-1327 and
Byzantine history of 1143-1453. Rigid 120-year shift.
__________________________________________________________________
English epoch of 1040-1327 Byzantine epoch of 1143-1453.
Is marked as "Byzantine empire-3"
in the Fig.1. It is the original
for "Byzantine empire-2"
__________________________________________________________________
20. Edward "The Confessor" 20. Manuel I Comnenus
1041-1066 (25) 1143-1180 (37)
------------------------------------------------------------------
The death of Edward "The Confes- After the death of Manuel I the
sor" indicates the beginning of hard time for Byzantine empire
Norman invasion. It is possible, began and the turning-point is
that English chronicles mean the well-known crusade and the
here in reality "Roman invasion" conquest of Constantinople in
because there is the parallel 1204. It is supposed today that
between some periods of Roman Italian Rome organized the
history and Norman history invasion in Byzantine empire
(see [1],[24])
------------------------------------------------------------------
The commentary to the dynastic stream of English history.
After the death of Edward "The Confessor" a new king Harold II
"Godwinson" took the throne. He ruled only 1 year and was killed
in 1066 in the battle near Hastings. From the other hand it is
known ([7],p.343) that in reality he got a great political power
in 1054 when Edward was alive. But the English chronicles placed
just before the rule of Edward "The Confessor" one more "short"
(i.e. with a short rule) Harold, namely Harold I "Harefoot"
(1036-1039) who ruled only 3 years. It is possible that this
Harold I is simply the reflection of Harold II
------------------------------------------------------------------
21. "Doubled Harold", i.e. 21. Isaac II Angelus 1185-1195,
Harold I Danish (1036-1039) and then he lost the power and
then Harold II (1066 year). appeared on Byzantine throne
Harold II ruled only 9 months. again in 1203 (second time). He
It is clear that this "doubled ruled no more than 1 year and
Harold" is the reflection of finally lost the power in 1204,
Byzantine"doubled Isaac Angelus", after the conquest of Constanti-
who ruled two times. His second nople by crusaders. Thus, his
rule was short: less than 1 year second rule was no more than 1
year
------------------------------------------------------------------
Norman conquest of Anglia. The The conquest of Byzantine empire
famous battle near Hastings in by crusaders. Famous fourth
1066 crusade 1199-1204
------------------------------------------------------------------
We will speak later and more detailed about the parallel between
these events
------------------------------------------------------------------
22. William I of Normandy 22. Theodore I Lascaris
(Bastard) The Conqueror 1066- 1204-1222 (18). In 1204 a new
-1087 (21). His rule starts the Nicaean empire starts on the
new Norman dynasty in Anglia territory of Byzantine empire. The
reflection of Theodore in Byzantine
empire-2 is Basil I the Macedonian
867-887 (19)
------------------------------------------------------------------
23. William II "Rufus" 1087-1101 23. Possibly, there is some mess
(14). Thus, here we have 14 in the chronicles when they describe
years and in the right column the Norman dynasty and Nicaean
we have 11 or 12 years. We see empire. The first conjecture:
here some confusion in the the original preimage for William II
chronicles because in the right is lost. Second conjecture: this is
column Isaac II Angelus ruled again Isaac II Angelus. But in this
twice case the chronicle took the whole
his rule: 1185-1195 and then 1203-
-1204, i.e. totally 11 or 12 years.
------------------------------------------------------------------
24. Henry I 1101-1135 24. John III Vatatzes
(34 or 35 years) 1222-1254 or 1256 (32). His
reflection in Byzantine empire-2
is Leo VI "The Philosopher"
886-912 (26)
------------------------------------------------------------------
25. Stephen of Blois 1135-1154 25. Michael VIII 1259 or 1260
(19). King Stephen finishes the until 1282 or 1283 (23). His
Norman dynasty in Anglia ([7],p. reflection in Byzantine empire-2
357). The next king Henry II is Romanus I 919-945 (26).
starts a new Anjou dynasty in Michael VIII starts a new
Anglia Palaeologus dynasty which lasts
from 1261 until 1453
------------------------------------------------------------------
Thus the rigid chronological shift matches
English Norman dynasty with Byzantine dynasty of Angelus
and then matches
the next Anjou dynasty with Byzantine dynasty of Palaeologus
------------------------------------------------------------------
26. Henry II Plantagenet 26. Andronicus II Palaeologus
1154-1189 (35). Note that both 1282 or 1283 - 1328 (46). If
terms Plantagenet and calculated from 1283 to 1320 -
Porphyrogenetus have the same the moment when his co-ruler
meaning: "one who was born in Andronicus III began to reign
a shirt". This term has well- then duration of Andronicus II
known meaning - see commentary reign is 37 years. He was
below reflected as Constantine VII
910 or 912 - 959 (47),(49)
in Byzantine empire-2.
---------------------------------------------------------------
Commentary.
Term (name) "Porphyrogenetus" = "Porphyro" + "Genitus" could be
interpreted as "one, who was born in porphyr". It says about
birth in a "royal attributes", maybe "royal clothes", "royal
shirt". It suggests a rare case from medical practice when a baby
is born "in a shirt", i.e. still in placenta (placenta sounds
similar to "planta" - part of "Plantagenet"). In old times such
cases were considered as a sign of outstanding future for the
baby (good or bad one). We see in English version (left column) a
name Plantagenet, i.e. Planta + Genet. It means exactly "birth in
a planta, in a cover" - the same as "birth in a shirt"
------------------------------------------------------------------
27. Henry II established a known 27. Michael VIII. He was just
dynasty of Plantagenets (House before Andronicus II. He
of Plantagenet) in English established a known dynasty of
history. This dynasty was Palaeologus in the history of
finished in 1329 with Richard Byzantine. This dynasty covers
II. So, this dynasty covers time time interval 1261-1453 (up to
interval 1154-1399 ([27], p.346). the siege of Constantinople)
([27], p.636).
------------------------------------------------------------------
So, the chronological shift which we discovered puts together two
dynasties: Palaeologus' and Plantagenets. Dynasty of Palaeologus'
is finished in 1453 and reflecting them Plantagenets continue up
to 1399.
------------------------------------------------------------------
28. Richard I Coeur de Lion 28. Andronicus III Palaeologus
1189-1199 (10). Duration of 1320-1328-1341. Formally his
his reign is 10 years which reign lasts 21 years (1320-1341),
is close to 13 years - duration but his reign as unique emperor
of reign of his analog (without corulers) was only for
(original) in Byzantine 13 years (1328-1341). In 1328
empire finished the reign of his coruler
- emperor Andronicus II.
------------------------------------------------------------------
29.John Santer 1199-1216 (17) 29. John VI Cantacuzenus
1341 or 1347 - 1355 (15)
------------------------------------------------------------------
30. Henry III 1216-1272 (56). 30. John V Palaeologus 1341-1391
Henry III was the last king in (50). His has a reflection in
Anjou dynasty in England. Byzantine empire-2: Basil II
Dynasty of Palaeologus in Bulgaroktonos (975 or 976 -
Byzantine empire (right column) 1025). Basil II Bulgaroktonos'
is not finished at this point reign was for 49 or 50 years.
but it is near to the end
------------------------------------------------------------------
31. Edward I 1272-1307 (35) 31. Manuel II Palaeologus
1391-1425 (33 or 34).
------------------------------------------------------------------
32. Edward II Caervarven 32. John VIII Palaeologus
1307-1327 (20) 1424-1448 (23 or 24).
------------------------------------------------------------------
End of parallelism. In 1453 Constantinople was seized
by Turks and Byzantine Empire
changed to Turkey.
___________________________________________________________________
Fig.4 illustrates this parallelism. It is important that
durations of reign fit each other so well in the case when the
same chronological shift was applied to all reigns. All dynasty
was shifted as a whole, it's internal time was unchanged.
Fig.5 shows the same parallelism in a different form which is
designed for visual comparison of durations of reign in both
dynasties. For quantitative comparison we used numerical
characteristic of a distance between two arbitrary dynasties,
which was introduced in [1],[24]. It appears that this "distance"
drops into a range of values which are normal only for strongly
dependent dynasties (details about this numerical characteristic
one can find in [1],[24]). Recall that two dynasties are called as
dependent ones if they both reflect the same real dynasty.
Dependence of these two dynasties (we mean statistical
dependence of reign durations) is the main result of this paper.
It is in fact a formal result and we might finish on it. But many
not formal questions follow after this result is claimed. Main of
them is: what real events lay under both of these two dynasties?
What was the real history?
4. CORRECT ENGLISH HISTORY IS MORE SHORT IN TIME BUT MUCH MORE
DENSE IN EVENTS THAN IT IS SUGGESTED BY TEXTBOOKS
4.1. Our new concept of English history
The answer follows definitely from the above parallelism and
from the Fig.1. Naturally, the more new dynasty (one which was
later in time) is to be supposed as original one. This is a
Byzantine dynasty 1143-1453 A.D. It was denoted above as
Byzantine empire-3. In [1],[24] it was discovered that Byzantine
empire-3 is a source of information for it's reflections
Byzantine empire-0, Byzantine empire-1 and Byzantine empire-2.
Roughly speaking the whole Byzantine history is constructed from
several blocks - duplicates of the same epoch: 1143-1453 A.D. As
we discovered, English history being stringed to the English
kings dynasty is a duplicate of Byzantine history up to 1327 A.D.
(in English chronology) = 1450 A.D. (in Byzantine chronology).
Middle of 15th century was a time from which we have enough
information, so Byzantine dynasty of that time was surely a real
one. It suggests that Byzantine is an original in above
parallelism, and England before 1327 A.D. - a reflection. It
could be seen from the Fig.1 how English history before 1327 A.D.
was constructed from several reflections of Byzantine Empire of
1143-1453 A.D.
As a resume we present the follows hypothesis.
1) According to English history of 1-400 A.D. England at that
time was a Roman province. English history of that period speaks
more about events in Rome itself then in England. It was proved
in [1],[24] that Roman history of that time reflects real events
from 9-13th cc. A.D.
2) That chronicles which are supposed now to speak about
English history of 400-830 A.D. appear to describe Rome and
Byzantine empire-0. Therefore these chronicles reflect some real
events of 9-15th cc. which took place in Byzantine empire.
3) That chronicles which are supposed now to speak about
English history of 830-1040 A.D. appear to describe Byzantine
empire-1. These chronicles also reflect real history of 9-15th
cc. in Byzantine empire.
4) That chronicles which are supposed now to speak about
English history of 1040-1327 A.D. appear to describe Byzantine
empire-3 and therefore they reflect real history of 9-15th cc.in
Byzantine empire. The name "Anglia" (England) came from the name
of well-known Byzantine dynasty of Angels (1185-1204 A.D.)
5) Thus, in this hypothesis we suggest that those ancient and
medieval English chronicles which are now available and which are
thought by historians to speak about some events from the epoch
before the beginning of 14th century, are in fact devoted to
certain periods of Byzantine history of 9-15th cc. Roughly
speaking, ancient English chronicles are in fact Byzantine
chronicles which were taken from Byzantine to England and then
modified in a such way that they seem to speak about events in
England.
6) The time when written history of the island which is today
called as England really begins is most probably the epoch of
9-10th centuries. Now we have only very few information about
that early period of English history on the island. So the
description of English history of 9-13 cc. is in fact rather
fragmentary. But this information about real island events was
then "covered" by chronicles brought from Byzantine empire. The
resulting sum of two fibers: "island fiber" and "Byzantine fiber"
we can see now as the English history of 9-13th cc.
7) Starting from 14th century English history speaks about
real events in England only. Roughly speaking, traditional
version of English history becomes correct from 14th c.
8) One might ask: "If you are right, how to explain the fact
that in ancient English chronicles there are chronological
details about, for example, how many years there were between the
Flood and a certain event of English history? These chronological
details often agree with Scaliger's (modern) chronological
concept." The answer is follows.
At first, note that chronological and astronomical data from
ancient chronicles in many cases strongly contradict with modern
historical version. See [1],[24].
In the second, even if we see that a direct chronological
statement from ancient text agrees well with modern tradition, it
says really nothing, because all ancient chronicles which we have
today, were finally edited only in 15-17th cc. And it was exactly
the time when modern chronological concept was worked out (in
general). Such direct chronological statements are simply the
traces of chronological computations of 15-17th cc. At that time
historians "calculated" the dates of ancient events and then
placed (for reader's convenience) the results of their
(medieval!) calculations inside ancient historical texts. The
fact that chronological statements in different ancient texts
often agree means that today we have mostly the results of work
of only one medieval chronological school. It was the
chronological school which work was supervised in 15-17th cc. by
Roman-Catholic church.
Often, astronomical calculations were used for chronological
purposes. In this case there could be certain astrological
motivations in medieval astronomical calculations for chronology.
Medieval scientists, and historians among them, often trusted
astrology and could use it in their considerations. Maybe
medieval astrologers tried to solve problems like these: what was
the planetary configuration at the moment of coronation of
Justinian I (or when ancient lunar eclipses occurred etc.)?
Results of such astronomical calculations of 15-16th cc. could
be placed in ancient texts to make their chronology more clear.
It was large work and it might be very useful if the calculations
were correct. Unfortunately, medieval astronomers and historians
made a lot of mistakes. These mistakes are discussed in [1],[24].
As a result of such mistakes, ancient chronicles got an incorrect
chronological skeleton. This incorrect chronology was then
supported by church authorities and by medieval scientific
schools. It was the chronology which we have now in our
textbooks. And today, our contemporaries - the historians and
chronologists - take the ancient chronicles (from archives) and
with pleasure discover in them the "astronomical and
chronological information". Then, basing on the modern theory,
they date the described eclipses, horoscopes (i.e., the
configuration of the planets along the zodiacal constellations).
After this, historians discover (with great pleasure) that
sometimes these records from "ancient chronicles" satisfy to the
Scaliger's chronology (and, consequently, are correct). Of
course, sometimes there are some contradictions. And sometimes -
very serious. The real explanation is as follows: the medieval
methods for calculations were more rough that modern ones. Then
in each such case the modern chronologists "correct" these
"records of ancient chronicler". As a result, they form the
illusion of the correctness of traditional Scaliger's version of
ancient chronology. But what the modern historians really do when
the results of modern astronomical calculations sharply disagree
with Scaliger's chronology? As we know today (see, for example,
[1],[24]) the list of such contradictions is very long. This fact
shows that Scaliger's chronological version is wrong. But in all
such cases the modern historians start to speak (with a great
irritation and displeasure) about "ignorance of ancient observers
and chroniclers", about "impossibility to apply the modern
scientific methods to the analysis an ancient texts" etc.
The visual picture of our chronological conjecture you can
see in the Fig.6.
4.2. In which way the Byzantine chronicles were inserted
into medieval English history (of the island Anglia)?
The answer will be extremely simple if we will erase from
our minds the picture which is imposed by traditional Scaliger's
chronology.
Starting from 11th century, several crusades storm the
Byzantine empire. Several feudal crusaders' states
were founded on the territory of Byzantine empire in 11-14th cc.
In these states many nations were mixed: local population, the
crusaders from England, France, Germany, Italy etc. In these
crusaders' regions and in Byzantine empire the new culture was
created, in particular, were written a historical chronicles.
Among Byzantine inhabitants were a lot of people from Europe, in
particular, from some island, which later will be called England.
In 1453 A.D. Turks conquered Constantinople. Byzantine
empire was ruined and the crowds of its inhabitants leaved the
country. Many of them returned in the Europe, in their old
homeland. In particular, - in the island Anglia. These
descendants of crusaders took with them their Byzantine
historical chronicle, because these texts describe their own real
history in Byzantine empire (during many years - one or two
hundreds years). Several decades passed. On the island Anglia
starts the writing its history (i.e., the history of the people
living on the island). In 16-17th centuries some qualified
historians appear and start to create the general history of the
whole land Anglia ("from the beginning"). They search for ancient
documents. Suddenly they find several old trunks with "very old"
documents. The documents are dusty, the paper is very fragile,
and the old books fall to pieces. These chronicles were
transported from Byzantine empire. But now (in 16-17th cc.)
nobody knew this. Unfortunately, the prehistory of these trunks
is forgotten. And, unfortunately, is forgotten that these
chronicles describe the history of ANOTHER LAND. The English
historians of 16-17th centuries carefully analyse these texts as
the history "of island England" and put them into the basis of
"old British-island history, which started many centuries ago".
In some strong sense they were right because really the authors
of the chronicles were closely connected with island Anglia (but,
let us repeat, described ANOTHER LAND - Byzantine empire).
This process is quite natural and does not suggest any
special falsification of the history. Such natural errors were
inevitable at the first steps of creating of the general history.
As a result, appeared such chronicles as Anglo-Saxon
Chronicle, the Nennius' chronicle etc. After some time this wrong
version of an old English history stand stockstill, becomes a
"monument". Further historians simply modify (only a little) the
initial scheme of the history, add some new documents. And only
today, using some statistical and other methods we start to
discover some strange regularities inside the "history textbook"