Страница:
some old real documents).
1) About the victory of Britts. In other words, as we think,
- about the victory of crusaders who conquered Byzantine Empire.
2) About one of the most dangerous their enemies - some
Goemagog.
The modern commentary:
"Galfridus combined in one name two ones: Gog and Magog"
([9],p.232). The modern historian, the commentator of Galfridus
chronicle, noted that the nations Gog and Magog are frequently
mentioned in the Bible (in Revelation, in Ezekiel). For example,
in the biblical book Ezekiel we can see the following text about
these terrible and powerful nations:
"Set thy face against Gog, the land of Magog, the chief
prince of Rosh, Meshech and Tubal...Gog shall come against the
land of Israel..." (Ezekiel, 38:2-3,18). According to the Bible,
death and destruction carry these nations.
Remark. In some English publications of the Bible the word
"Rosh" is omitted! Why?
About the hordes of Gog and Magog with fear speaks the
biblical book of Revelation: "Satan shall be loosed out of his
prison, and shall go out to deceive the nations... Gog and Magog,
to gather them together to battle: the number of whom is as the
sand of the sea" (Revelation, 20:7-8).
The modern historian tells us: "Late the people fantasy
transformed Gog and Magog into spiteful, malicious giants. In
London starting from the Middle Ages there are two monuments -
the figures of Gog and Magog (near entrance to the City, today
near town hall" ([9],p.232).
These two medieval nations are well-known and are identified
according to some medieval chroniclers with Goths and Mongols. In
13th c.A.D. Hungarians considered Gog and Magog as Tartars
([9],p.174). All these facts forced us to move the events
described by Galfridus into Byzantine Empire (or in neighboring
countries).
From the other hand it is impossible do not mention about
the following important remark.
The Moscow kingdom, according to the old Russian legend,
which can be found in Russian textbooks until 19th century, "was
founded by biblical patriarch Mosoh". This legend explains why
Moscow is called in Greek as Mosha (Moska). When the Moscow
kingdom was founded? The reader gives the answer immediately: the
first note in chronicles about Moscow is dated by 1147 A.D.
Because the Bible speaks about Gog, the chief prince of
Meshech and Tubal, N.A.Morozov formulated an interesting
question:
"Is it true that the Russian MUZHIK (man, fellow) =
Rosh-Meshech was reflected in this famous biblical fragment, as
the founder of Russia-Muzhikovii ? Then, after the filtration of
the sound ZH through the Greek language, where this sound is
transformed into S, this word was returned again into Russia as
"Russia-Moscow".' ([19],vol.2,p.579).
Morozov wrote: "Any kind of interpretation for these
fragment from the Bible leads you to the historical epoch of
Mongolian period in Russian history, i.e., to the epoch starting
from 1227, when Mongol Batu (Batyi) becomes the ruler (king) of
Moscow. When we agree with this point of view, then all things
become very natural..." ([19],vol.2,p.615).
We realize that for the reader who is not acquainted with
the history of chronological problems and with the books of
Morozov [19], Fomenko [1],[24] and Fomenko, Kalashnikov,
Nosovskij [3], some of our ideas sound sometimes strange.
Nevertheless, from the other hand, as can see the reader, all
these ideas are produces by the formal logical analysis of the
old English chronicles.
Thus, if we return to the Galfridus chronicle, we are forced
to formulate the corollary: during the landing on the coast of
Byzantine Empire in 11th c.A.D. the Brutus' army meets with
several large nations, and among them are Goths, Mongols and
Russians. It is quite natural for 11th c.A.D. because of an
important role which play these nations at this time in medieval
Europe and Asia.
5.9. With whom Julius Caesar fights while conquering
of Britain = Albania?
Let us remind that the Brutus' epoch is simultaneously the
Julius Caesar's epoch. If so, the military operations of Brutus
should be reflected in the texts speaking about the same
operations but from the Caesar's camp.
Galfridus, when finishing the Brutus' story, and passing
several centuries along time-axis, comes finally to Caesar's
epoch. Then he started to repeat the same "Brutus' story", but,
of course, from different point of view.
Galfridus: "As it was mentioned in Roman history, Julius
Caesar (after victory in Gallia) appeared on the coast of
Rutheni. Looking from there on the island Britain, he asked his
fellows, - what about this country and which nation lives here"
([9],p.37).
It is quite clear to the trained reader that, according to
the opinion of modern historians, Galfridus again demonstrates
here his medieval ignorance. The modern commentary to this
fragment of Galfridus' text is as follows: "Rutheni are the Gall
nation lived in Aquitaine (southern-western Gallia). It is
impossible "to view" Britain from there, and consequently,
Rutheni appeared in Galfridus text erroneously" ([9],p.238).
Who are Rutheni? The reader can take again the dictionary of
medieval names and their duplicates (see Matuzova [10]) and he
will obtain the answer immediately:
Rutheni are Russians.
Really:
ANCIENT RUSSIAN STATE: RISSIANS:
Susie, Russii,
Russie, Dogi (!),
Ruissie, Rugi (!),
Rusia, RUTHENI (!),
Russia, Rusceni.
RUTHENIA,
RUTENEA,
Ruthia,
RUTHENA,
Ruscia,
Russcia,
Russya,
Rosie.
It is well-known that Russian army several times took part
in the military operations on Byzantine territory, in particular,
they attacked the Constantinople. Thus, in the Middle Ages
Russian forces really occupied some Byzantine regions. And it was
quite possible "to view" the Albania = Britain = Byzantine Empire
from there.
Thus, our conjecture is as follows.
Rutheni mentioned in old English chronicles during the
Julius Caesar's conquest of Albania = Britain - are the Russians
of 10-12th cc.A.D.
Later these Rutheni were shifted along the geographical map
in Western direction, when the old English chronicles were taken
from Byzantine Empire into modern island England. As a result of
such artificial displacement (shift) the name Rutheni appeared on
the map of Gallia (in France). Consequently, real Rutheni were
"doubled, duplicated". Then the initial, original location of
real Rutheni was forgotten among the English chroniclers.
Let us note the important idea.
When the Byzantine chronicles were transported from the East
to the West (and were inserted in the history of modern island
Britain), this shift also generated the "geographical shift" of
many names and titles which were initially located in Byzantine
Empire and around it. Rutheni (= Russians) are only one of these
examples. We will demonstrate below some another examples.
Let us return to Julius Caesar in Galfridus' description.
The fleet of Caesar invades into Albania = Britain. Here he
starts the battle with Britts ([9],p.38), then defeats them and
conquest the country. Let us stop for a moment and ask the
question: who are Britts in 10-12th cc.A.D.? Traditional
explanation is as follows: Britts are the descendants of Brutus.
This "explanation" explains nothing. Basing on our experience, we
can suspect that "Britts" of 10-12th cc.A.D. is some real nation
of Middle Ages living in some part of Byzantine Empire. We do not
need to search too long. The answer is on the surface.
An important part of Roman-Byzantine Empire is Romania =
Rumania, and also Bulgaria. Here you can see the well-known river
Danube with large afflux Prut = PRT (without vowels) or = BRT. In
the epoch of crusades the Byzantine Empire was the collection of
several feudal states. One of the important nations, which were
represented here (as crusaders), were Germans and Prussians. Let
us put the question: which name was used by medieval English
chroniclers for Prussians? The immediate answer is given by the
same dictionary by Matuzova [10]:
PRUSSIA:
Prurenia (!),
(P-Rutenia = P-Russia),
PRUSSI (Prussians):
Prateni,
Pruteni,
Pructeni,
Prusceni,
Praceni,
Pruceni.
Thus, the medieval sources call the Prussians as Pruteni =
PRTN. It is possible that here we see the medieval BRT = Britts =
Brits, described by Galfridus. Thus, it is possible that Julius
Caesar was at war with medieval Prussians = Pruteni. In
particular, Britain = BRTN (in 10-12th cc.A.D.) coincides with
RRTN = Pruneti = Prussia ! Thus, one of the large regions in
Byzantine Empire, namely, - occupied by Prussians = Pruteni, -
gave the name for Britain = Prutenia.
But another answer is also possible.
According to the Abglo-Saxon Chronicle, the British language
is the language Welsh ([2],p.3). But Welsh is evidently Vlachi =
Blachi and, according to the Matuzova's dictionary, denotes the
Thurki = Turci = Turks. If so, in some cases the Britts can be
identified with Turks (at least in some medieval chronicles). But
this identification again leads us to the Byzantine Empire as the
location of early English history.
We hope that we gave the reasonable answer of the natural
question:
With whom Julius Caesar fights while conquering
of Britain = Albania?
5.10. Where was London located in 10-11th cc. A.D.?
Trained reader waits with answer because suspects (and it is
reasonable) that correct answer can be completely unexpected.
And we continue to read the old English chronicles which
give us the correct answers on the all such questions. But we
need to read "what is written" and not "what should be written".
The second formula is sometimes the point of view of modern
historical Scaliger's tradition which is in the basis of a modern
textbook on ancient history.
Galfridus:
"When finishing with the division of the kingdom, Brutus
decided to built a new town-capital... He founded the town and
called it NEW TROY (! - Auth.). The town preserved this name
during many years and then, because of distortion the initial
title, the name was transformed into TRINOVANT. After this,
Lud... who fighted with Julius Caesar,... ordered to call the
town CAERLUD which means "Town of Lud" (the word Caer = Cair
means simply "town", see details below - Auth.). It was the cause
of a great conflict between Lud and his brother Nennius, because
Nennius was not agree with Lud who wanted to forget the
initial name TROY" ([9],p.18).
And then: "The title was distorted and was transformed into
Caerludein, then into Lundene and finally, into Lundres"
([9],p.37).
The modern commentary: "Trinovant is today the city London"
([9],p.232).
Thus, the old English chronicles states that:
New Troy =
Trinovant =
Lud =
Lundene =
London.
Here we recall that according to the analysis in [1],[24],
the NEW TROY of 10-11th cc.A.D. is New Rome = Constantinople. As
we have mentioned above, the most known historical version states
that "the Troy of Homer" is "somewhere near" the Constantinople =
Istanbul. Schliemann wrongly spent a lot of his time for
senseless "excavations of the Troy" (he discovered not the Troy).
It was sufficient simply to point out on the Constantinople =
future Istanbul.
This idea is in a nice correspondence with all previous
results which give the Byzantine location for initial old events
of English history.
Thus, Galfridus possibly tells us about the 1st crusade of
1099 A.D. As the result of crusade, the new capital was founded -
NEW TROY = future Constantinople.
Let us attract the attention of the reader to the following
remarkable fact. There exists a well-known town TYRNOVO in
Bulgaria. But this name is similar to the name TRINOVANT and
means simply TROY NEW, i.e., TROY NEW = TyrNovo. It becomes clear
that the name Trinovant was initially appeared in Byzantine
Empire, on the Balkan Peninsula, in the Slavonic region and its
initial meaning was NEW TROY. In English the word new means the
same as Slavonic nova or new. Thus, one the initial names of
LONDON was TROY NEW (its trace is Tyrnovo in Bulgaria). It is
interesting that Galfridus states the same, when he tells us
about transformation of the name NEW TROY into TRINOVANT. In
reality, this is not a transformation, but simply the
transposition of two words: Troy and New inside the joint title.
It is clear also, that "town Lud" means simply "town LD" or
"town LT", i.e. = "town of Latins" = "Latin town". The appearance
of the name LT in old English chronicles is quite natural: in the
epoch of crusades in 1204 A.D. the new LATIN EMPIRE was appeared
on the territory of Byzantine Empire. Latin Empire gave its name
to the capital: LATIN TOWN, i.e. Caer-Lud (Cair-Lud). Nennius
tells us that word "Cair" means in old Britts' language "Town"
([8],p.190).
Identification of New Troy = London with Constantinople
follows also from the following fact. As we saw, New Troy was
called later Cair-Lud or Caer-Lud. But Caer or CR (without
vowels) sounds also, for example in Slav languages, as ZR because
of often oscillation between C and Z. Thus, CR or ZR is evidently
ZAR (czar = zar which means "king", "ruler"). Slavonic name for
Constantinople was ZAR-GRAD, which means "king-town". Thus,
CAER-LUD = ZAR-LUD,
i.e. "king-town of Latins" (Latin king town). This is exactly
Constantinople = ZAR-GRAD in Slav language.
Trained reader expects that the whole this story of
Galfridus (about origin of London's name) the modern historical
science claims as wrong and erroneous:
The Galfridus' information about the history and origin of
the name London (from the name of Lud) is wrong. The antique
authors (Tacitus, Ammian Marcellinus) call this town Londinium or
Lundinium. The real history of the name of London is disputable"
([9],p.237).
Thus, after the 1st crusade in 1099 A.D. some chronicles
called the New Rome as NEW TROY. Then, after the foundation in
1204 A.D. the Latin Empire the capital was called also (or was
renamed?) LATIN TOWN, i.e., Caer-Lud and finally, LONDON. This
name was then transported into island England when some of
Byzantine chronicles were moved in this direction (after the fall
of Constantinople in 1204 A.D. or 1453 A.D.).
Nennius listed in his chronicle "the names of all towns
which exist in Britain, and their number is 28" ([8],p.190). The
modern commentary: "Cair means Town in Britts' language"
([8],p.283). We can note here that the capital of Egypt is Cairo.
Consequently, we see again, that in Britts' language the clear
"Eastern trace" was remained. May be, this fact indicates the
Eastern origin of initial old English history.
Galfridus tells us that New Troy ( = London) was founded on
the Thames river ([9],p.18). We think that initially "Thames
river" was one of the name for the Bosporus, where Constantinople
is located. The Bosporus sound (strait) is really very long,
sufficiently thin, and was represented on the old geographical
maps as large river. Schliemann, by the way, decided to place
"his Troy" also in this region, namely - in the end of another
long and thin strait (sound) - the Dardanelles, which is close to
the Bosporus.
Today the name of the "London river" is Thames. But because
all these events are happened in the East, we need to remember
that here some people read the text in opposite direction:
from the right to the left (in Europe: from the left to the
right). The word SOUND (= strait) without vowels is SND and after
opposite reading is DNS. Because D and T were sometimes
equivalent, and the same is valid to M and N, we see that the
following conjecture (equivalence) is possible: DNS = TMS, i.e.
"sound" = "Thames".
From the other hand, Thames is practically identical with
Themis. But Themis is the name of well-known GREEK goddess of
justice.
5.11. Who were scots in 10-12 cc.A.D. and were did they live?
Where was Scotland located in 10-12 cc.A.D.?
Scotland = Scot + Land = the Land of Scots. Scots live in
Scotland - this is well-known fact.
But sufficiently less is known that in old English
chronicles the Scots sometimes are called Scithi, i.e., Scyths !
See, for example the manuscript F of Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
([2],p.3, comment 4). Thus, one of possible answers on the
question in the title of present section is as follows:
Scots = Scyths.
In other words, Scotland = the Land of Scyths = Scithi-Land.
Scyths lived in Scythia, which is partially identified with
some regions in modern Russia. Old English chronicles call
Scythia also as Scithia, Sice, Sithia, Barbaria (see [10]). Are
there some "traces" of medieval name Scots (for Scyths) in modern
Russia? Yes! It is known that Scyths are considered partially as
the nation which cultivated the cattle. But before now the
Russian term for "cattle" is SCOT. Our conjecture: the Scots
mentioned in old English chronicles of 10-12th cc.A.D. are
Scyths = Scithi which lived near Byzantine Empire on the
territory (partially) of modern Russia.
It was in 10-12th cc.A.D. Then, after transport of Byzantine
chronicles into modern island Britain, the name of Scyths was
also automatically shifted in modern England. And today we see in
the modern England the Scyth-Land as Scot-Land.
And we see again that the old English chronicle tell us
about the real Byzantine history, because really Scyths of 10-12th
cc.A.D. lived near Byzantine Empire.
Nennius, in the section with title "About Scots when they
captured Hybernia", informs us:
"If somebody wants to know when... Hybernia was uninhabited,
desert, then the most informed among SCOTS told me the following.
When the people of Israel went from Egypt, the Egyptians who
haunted Israelits (according to the Bible), were sank in the Sea.
Among the Egyptians was one noble man from SCYTHIA (! - Auth.)
with many relatives and with many servants. He was expelled
(banished) from his native kingdom and we was in Egypt when
Egyptian army was sank in the Sea... Then the survived Egyptians
decided to expel him from the Egypt because they afraid that he
can captures their country and to establish his power in Egypt"
([8],p.174).
Then, as a result, these Scyths were expelled from Egypt,
and then their fleet conquered the Hybernia. This event is
considered (in Nennius' opinion) as conquest of Hybernia by Scots
([8],p.175). Thus, here we see that Nennius was sure that Scots
were descended from Scyths.
It is possible that here the name Hybernia was in reality
applied to the Hyberia = old name of modern Georgia (or, may be
to the medieval Spain). It is supposed today in historical
science that medieval Hybernia = Ireland.
As we expect (and this is really true), the modern
historical commentary to this fragment from Nennius' chronicle is
very angry:
"Which Scythia is mentioned here? Bede Venerable calls the
Scandinavia as Scythia. The version about "Scyths" origin of
Scots was appeared because of some similarity between words
"Scithia" and "Scottia" "([8],p.272). The commentator here passed
over in silence that sometimes "Scots" were written in old
English chronicles as "Scithi", i.e., "Scyths" and this fact is
well-known to the real experts in the ancient English history.
See [2]. By the way, the replacement of Scythia by Scandinavia
does not help, because (as we have demonstrated above), the old
English chronicles sometimes identified Cansie = Scandinavia and
Russia (Rossie) (see [10]): "Cansie (or Canzie), and I think that
this is Rosie (in another copy of the manuscript - Russie -
Auth.)" (see the discussion above).
If it was really true that in some medieval historical
period the Scithia was called as Scotland (in some historical
chronicles), then the great interest will obtain the following
fact. As we saw, the English chronicles called Russian king
(ruler) Jaroslav the Sage (Wise) as Malescold (Malescoldus)
([10],p.58). Thus, his whole title (if Scythia was Scotland)
should be Scottish (or Scoth) king Malescold (or Malcolm?). But
we know several medieval Scottish kings Malcolms in traditional
Scotland history. May be one of them is Russian king Jaroslav the
Sage who was "transported" into "island Scottish history" as a
result of chronological and geographical shift?
5.12. Five original languages of ancient Britain.
Which nations used these languages and where did they live in
10-12th cc.A.D.?
On the first page of Anglo-Saxon Chronicle the following
important information is presented:
"Here in this island (i.e. in Britain - Auth.) are five
languages:
English,
British or Welsh,
Irish,
Pictish, and
Latin...
Picts came from the south from Scythia with warships, not
many, and landed at first in northern Ireland, and there asked
the Scots if they mights dwell there... And the Picts asked the
Scots for wives... A part of Scots went from Ireland into
Britain" ([2],p.3).
Is there any contradiction between these facts and our
identification of old English events with events of crusades
epoch of 10-12th cc. A.D. in Byzantine empire? No
contradiction! Moreover, here we see certain confirmation of our
conjecture.
1) Appearance of the name Anglia (English) in the old
English history is quite natural - this is the evident reflection
of well-known dynasty of Byzantine emperors: Angels = Angelus
(1185-1204).
2) The name Latin is the reflection of Latin Empire in
Constantinople (13th c. A.D.), and a little earlier - the
reflection of a group of Latins who came in Byzantine Empire
during crusades epoch. Then they settled here and founded several
feudal states.
3-a) The name British = BRT (and its duplicate=equivalent
Welsh, see [2]) also is presented in the medieval Byzantine
history. This is the name of Prussians=Pruteni = PRT (see above).
3-b) The English term Welsh is also well-known in medieval
Byzantine empire. It is sufficient to look in the table of
Matuzova [10] to get an immediate answer:
Vlach (or Blachi) = Welsh - this is Turci = Thurki = Turks.
Really:
Turks =
Coralli,
Thurki,
Turci,
Vlachi = Blachi, Ilac, Blac (!).
The name Vlachi=Blachi or Volochi is well-known in the
medieval Europe. Starting from 9th c. A.D., they lived on the
territory of modern Romania = Rumania ([11],p.352) and they
formed the state Valachia. It is remarkable that the another,
second name for Valachia was Zara Rumanska, i.e. the Kingdom of
Romania (or Rumania). The most serious influence (on the fate of
the whole region) Valachia had in 14th c.A.D.
The history of Valachia is closely connected with the
history of Turkey. The medieval Valachia several times was in a
heavy war with Turkey (with Osman Empire). In the end of 14th
century and in the beginning of 15th century the rulers of
Valachia became the vassals of Turkey ([11],p.356). Consequently,
the names of Valachia (Welsh) and Turkey are closely connected in
the whole medieval history of Byzantine Empire.
Moreover, the name Vlachi is well-known in the history of
Constantinople. One of the main residences of Byzantine emperors
was in Vlachern Palace ([25],p.226-229). This "Palace was the
favorite residence of Comnenus" ([15],p.137). Greeks called it
Vlacherni.
"Valachia (in the form Blakie) - is geographical name which
is often used by Robert de Clari (and also by Geoffrey de
Villehardouin) for the territory of Eastern Balkan" ([15],p.135).
This region was called by Byzantine authors as Great Vlachia. In
other words, the Great Vlachia is the part of the modern
Bulgaria.
Thus, the old English name Welsh points out on Balkan's
Valachia of 9-15 cc. A.D., or on the Turkey, or on the whole
Byzantine Empire.
4) The original (preimage) of Pictish (Picts, Pict = PCT) in
Byzantine Empire is quite clear. It is well-known that the
ancient name of Egypt was Copt (= CPT) or Gipt. Thus, we obtain
the immediate answer:
Picts - are Copts or Gipts (i.e., Egyptians).
By the way, Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is quite right when
speaking that Picts came (in Britain - Auth.) from the country
which is in the South with respect to Scithia. Really, Egypt is
in the South with respect to the Scythia.
5) And finally, what about the language IRISH ? Anglo-Saxon
Chronicle states that some part of Scotts came from Ireland
([2],p.3). Besides this, at least in some historical epochs we
have:
"Down to the time of Alfred this term Scottas refers either
to the Scots of Ireland or of the Irish kingdom of Argyll"
([2],p.3, comm.5).
But this means that Ireland is the part of Scot-Land.
Because we have possible identification of Scots of 10-12th cc.
with Scyths, then we obtain the following conjecture:
language Irish is Russian (RSH = Russia),
because without vowels we have RSH - RSS, "irish" and "russian"
sound very closely. Consequently, in this historical epoch we
have:
Ireland = Ire + Land is the Russia.
We realize that this possible identification of Ireland (in
some historical epoch) with Russia (and consequently,
identification of Scotland with Scythia), can generate a certain
irritation and even indignation of some scientists. Nevertheless,
we are forced to repeat once more that all these conclusions
follow from the text of old English chronicles, when we read
them without the restrictions generated by traditional Scaliger's
chronology. By the way, may be not all readers know that the
legendary English (British) king Arthur (who is one of the most
famous rulers of ancient England and is placed traditionally
approximately in the 5th c.A.D.) was in direct contact with the
king of Russia ("and the king of Russia, the most severe of the
knights"). This is the report of Layamon (the beginning of 13th
century) - the author of the poem "Brut, or the Chronicle of
Britain" ([23], see also [10],pp.247-248). By the way, in the
time of the king Arthur the princess (or queen) of Russia was
kidnaped (see [23]).
When speaking about nations populated the old England,
Galfridus tells us ([9],p.6):
Normans,
Britts,
Saxs,
Picts,
Scots.
We spoke about Britts, Picts and Scots. Now - about Normans.
6) Normans play an important role in Byzantine Empire of
10-15 cc. They took part in crusades. However, it is possible,
that Normans are simply one more variant for the name Romans. If
so, they are Romans - Romei, the people who lived in Roman
(Byzantine) empire.
7) Now - about Saxs (Saxons). "Saxs (Saxons) - German nation
lived in northern Europe, mostly on the territory near North Sea.
In 5-6 centuries Britain was conquered by German tribes...
Galfridus usually calls he GERMAN INVADERS by generalized name
SAXS (SAXONS), but in some cases speaks about Angls (Angels)"
([9],pp.229-230). Let us compare with Byzantine history. It is
well-known that Germans took part in crusades. Consequently,
Saxons (Saxs) and Angls (Angels) were among the nations which
invaded into Byzantine empire in 10-12 centuries.
Thus, finally we see that the old English chronicles tell
here not about some small nations which, as supposed today, lived
many years ago on the modern island England, but about real great
nations, states and empires. These great medieval nations were
well-known in medieval Byzantine empire and Mediterranean region.
If so, the old English chronicles describe important events in
medieval world (crusades et cetera). (From traditional point of
view they speak about "local events" on isolated island).
And only later, after the artificial transport of some
Byzantine chronicles into modern island England, this remarkable
history of great events was artificially compressed, "decreased
in the size" and was transformed into "small" local history on
sufficiently "small area" - on the one island.
5.13. Where were located six original English kingdoms
Britain, Kent, Sussex, Wessex, Essex and Mercia in
10-12 centuries.?
The answer is given in the previous section.
All these states (and nations) are real states (and nations)
of medieval Europe in 10-12th cc. They took part in the conquest
of Byzantine empire and then they created several feudal
crusaders states.
1) Britain - is, most likely, Prussia = Prutenia or Turkey
(= Vlachia).
2) Kent is, according to J.Blaire [6], the Saxons region
= Saxonia. Let us recall that in 10-12th cc. on the German
territory there exists Saxons area = Saxonia.
3) Sussex = South Saxons.
4) Wessex = West Saxons.
5) Essex = East Saxons.
6) Mercia. Possible this is again Germany or some of its
part, because in the Middle Ages Germany was called Moesia and,
for example, town Marburg was called Merseburg, i.e. Merse + Burg
([10],p.263). It is also possible that chronicles mean Turkey
when speaking about Mercia (Mersia). See, for example, large town
Mersin in Turkey on the coast of Mediterranean sea.
Anyway, we see that all six old-English kingdoms of
10-12th cc. can be located in Europe around the Byzantine
Empire and all of then took part in its "feudal-state
organization" during crusades. And only later all these states
and nations were "transported" into island England, were
artificially "decreased in size" and were inserted in a modern
textbooks, where they are considered today as the initial English
kingdoms of 5-8th cc.A.D.
5.14. A shift of originally Byzantine map to the land of
modern Great Britain resulted in duplicating of
many geographical terms
Let us again return to an important book of Matuzova [10]
and let us analyze the information from old-English chronicles
collected in [10]. It turns out that on the modern geographical
map (which has its origin in medieval maps of 10-16th cc.) many
geographical names are DUPLICATED, i.e., are appeared TWICE: in
the West and in the East. There is an impression that somebody
took the original geographical map, then shifted it in eastern
direction (or, possible, in opposite - western direction) and
then overlapped the shifted map onto the initial map. As a
result, we see the "duplication" of many names. Now we will
demonstrate the short table which represents this duplication of
medieval geographical names.
Our explanation is very simple. Part of the names were
transported from the West to the East when crusaders invaded into
Byzantine empire. They founded here several new feudal states and
took with them their own prehistory and part of the old native
geographical names.
Another part of the names was shifted in back direction from
the East to the West later when the descendants of crusaders were
defeated by Turks in 15th century and returned from Byzantine
empire in the Europe (the fall of Byzantine empire). Taking with
them the survived documents, these people transported also some
geographical names. We need also to take into account the natural
psychological effect: when changing the place, people often feel
sad and surround themselves by "old names". For example, you can
see today on the modern map of America the names of many old
European town: Moscow et cetera.
Danes = Daci = Dani = Dacia = Denemearc ---- Daneis
(Danube)
Galatia ---- Galicia,
Galli, Gallia (in France) ---- Galich (in Russia),
Danube (in Europe) --- Danai, Thanais, Tanais (in Russia),
Ruhr area and mountains (in Germany) --- Riffeng (Rifei
= Ripheis) mountains = Urals mountains (in Russia),
Bulgarians in Bulgaria ---- Bulgarians on the Volga (in Russia),
Al'bania = Albion = Britain ---- Albania ---- Albania on the
coast of the Caspian Sea, then Albania as a province of Great
Asia, which is bounded by the Caspian Sea and spreads to the
North Ocean, then Albania = Alania (in the Caucasus).
Rome ---- New Rome = Constantinople,
Troy (in Italy) ---- Troy in Asia ---- New Troy (Constantinople),
Scots (= Scithi) in England --- Scyths in Russia and Byzantine
empire,
Hybernia = Ireland ---- Hybernia - Hyberia in Spain ---- Hyberia
= Georgia,
Ruthenia (Rutheni) in Aquitaine ---- P+Ruthenia (Prussia) ----
Rutheni as tribes in Celtic Gallia ---- Russia = Ruthenia ----
Ruteni (Rutheni) or Rutia - the province in Mesia (= Germany),
Gothia = Gotia = Germany ---- Scandinavia = Gothia = Gotia,
Goths and Dani ---- Scandinavians, then Gothia (Gotia) = island
Gotland ---- Gotia as territory in Tavrida=Taurus, Goths lived in
the Crimea,
Rome-Romania ---- Rumania-Romei ---- Armenia ---- Normans,
Hungaria ---- Great Hungaria ---- Minor Hungaria ---- Hunia (in
the East, Hunns) ---- Hungri = Great Bashkir,
Great Greece in southern Italy ---- Great Greece (modern
location),
Britain (= BRTN) ---- P+Ruthenia (Prussia) ---- PRT (Prut),
Germany = Maesia ---- Mesia in Asia Minor = Messina ---- Messina
in Sicily,
Genoa (in Italy) ---- Geneva.
We interrupt the list because the reader can easily continue
it, using geographical maps and modern commentaries to medieval
chronicles.
5.15. William I the Conqueror and Hastings battle in 1066 A.D.
The fourth crusade in 1204 A.D.
5.15.1. Two well-known wars in England and Byzantine
Empire have the same origin
Because luck of space, we have listed above only a few
"identification of events" between English and Byzantine history.
But it is impossible to finish the paper without mentioning one
more interesting parallel (identification):
the English war of William I the Conqueror (about 1066 A.D.
in traditional chronology) is the reflection of the 4th
Byzantine crusade (about 1204 A.D.).
We describe this parallel very briefly and hope that
statisticians and historians can continue this work.
As we saw above in the Fig.1 (representing the dynastic
parallel between English and Byzantine history), the epoch of 4th
crusade 1204 A.D. is statistically identified exactly with epoch
of William I.
5.15.2. English version of William the Conqueror story
Briefly speaking, the classical history of William (in
traditional version) is as follows (see, for example, [7],p.343).
His full name is :
duke William I of Normandy, the Bastard, Conqueror,
See ([2],p.197; or [7]).
Edward "The Confessor" died in 1066 A.D. without sons. One
of his dukes Harold II "Godwinson", king of Norway, king of
English; (see [2],p.196,197), was extremely powerful, took the
kingdom and nobody objected (all others were agreed to see
Harold as new king). But after some time appeared William the
Bastard, duke of Normandy and started to claim the throne.
William said that Edward fixed him as his successor (suggested
the throne). William addressed to Roman pope and succeeded in
attraction of the pope on his side. Then William sent ambassadors
in Germany and France asking for a help and support. As a result,
William collected "a great army consisting of adventurers who
came from France, Flandria, Bretan, Aquitaine, Burgundy, Apulia,
Sicily... They collected for the robbery of England" ([7],p.343).
William (Wilhelm) organized the large fleet for invasion into
England. It is interesting that in Baye there exists the large
ancient carpet (70 meters long and 50 centimeters wide) of 11th
century, representing the fleet of William Conqueror. This carpet
contains about 1255 images of different persons and objects.
While William waited the fair wind, the Norwegians landed in
the mouth of Humber river under leadership of Tostig (brother of
Harold). Harold went to the enemies and defeated Tostig near
York. But at the same day on a free coast the huge army of
Normans was landed (near Pevensey). In spite of his wounds,
Harold turned fast his army in back direction. He hurried to
started the battle without waiting the reinforcement. The violent
battle was happened near Hastings. Harold army was defeated and
he was killed. "This victory was one of the most important in the
history. The whole England was conquered by duke of Normandy
(William - Auth.) who was crowned in London" ([7],p.344).
The church anointment transformed William into real and
legitimate king. He begins the terror, many people were declared
as traitors, the landed property was confiscated. The reaction
was immediate - revolts. But William suppressed all riots with
extreme cruelty. His rule is considered today as very important
for English history, this is "turning point", many pages of
chronicles are devoted to William (see, for example, Anglo-Saxon
Chronicle). William starts the Norman dynasty (dynasty from
Normandy) in England. The dynasty lasts until 1154 A.D. and then
is replaced by new Anjou dynasty.
5.15.3. Byzantine version of the Constantinople's
conquest
Let us recall now the traditional version of this important
event following, for example, to [11]. The 4th crusade 1202-1204
A.D. was started with the call of Roman pope Innocent II. The
campaign was finished by the conquest of Constantinople and
complete change of ruling dynasty in Byzantine empire. The forth
crusade is considered today as one of the most important events
in European history. There are many survived documents and
literary sources about this crusade, which were written,
allegedly, by the direct participants of crusade (see below).
Crusaders asked Venice to give them the fleet. And very soon
the huge fleet with army came to the Constantinople. "The ground
was the appeal of Byzantine prince Alexey to the pope and to the
German emperor with asking the help. Alexey was the son of the
Byzantine emperor Isaac II the Angelus, who was dethroned in 1195
A.D." ([11],p.209). Crusaders were supported by feudals of France
and German empire. Roman pope also helped to crusaders. From the
other hand he "forbid" them (but only verbal) to harm the
Christian regions. "Thus, all powerful political parties of the
medieval Europe pushed the crusaders to the conquest of Byzantine
empire" ([11],p.209).
It was created the special Council consisting of several
noble leaders. The formal leader of crusade was Boniface
Monferratio. But the head of the Council of crusade was
well-known marshal Geoffroy de Villehardouin. He was
"distinguished and well-known politician of crusade, he took part
in all important diplomatic actions" ([15],p.125). When today
somebody speaks about 4th crusade, then the first person which is
immediately mentioned, is Villehardouin. He is supposed today as
the author of well-known chronicle "La Conqueste de
Constantinople" [26] (see details in [25]). The conjecture is
that he dictated these chronicle in the end of his life.
Crusaders besieged the Constantinople in 1204 A.D. and
restored on the throne the emperor Isaac II the Angelus. But
cannot pay them the whole amount of money which he promised for
their support. Enraged crusaders captured the capital in 1204
A.D. and violently plundered the town. The large part of the city
was burned, the famous temple of Saint Sofia was also plundered
and its great treasures were disappeared (according to legend
were transported somewhere).
Crusaders founded in Constantinople the new state - Latin
empire (1204-1261). Thus, the last period of Byzantine history
began in 1204 A.D. This epoch was named above as Byzantine empire
No. 3. The new Greek (Byzantine) dynasty starts from Theodore I
Lascaris (1204-1222). His coming to the power is a direct result
of 4th crusade, of the war and conquest of Constantinople.
5.15.4. A list of correspondences between events from
Byzantine and English chronicles
__________________________________________________________________
England (about 1066 A.D.) Byzantine empire (about 1204 A.D.)
__________________________________________________________________
1. Big war in England, which was 1. Well-known war - 4th crusade
the "turning point" in the whole of 1202-1204 A.D. One of the most
English history (1066 A.D.) important events in Byzantine
history
------------------------------------------------------------------
2. In 1066 A.D. begins the 2. In 1204 begins the new Latin
Normans invasion into Anglia, empire (in the part of Byzantine
which lasts until 1154 A.D. empire), and also begins the
new Nicaea empire
------------------------------------------------------------------
3. Normandian dynasty ends in 3. Latin empire ends in 1261 A.D.,
1154 A.D., i.e., lasts about 88 i.e., lasts about 60 years
years
------------------------------------------------------------------
It is clear from the Fig.1, that both dynasty (and corresponding
empires) are "very similar" and become "parallel" under rigid
chronological 100 (or 120)-year shift. This shift "identifies"
the Byzantine epoch of 1204-1453 A.D. and Anglia epoch of 1066--
-1327 A.D.
------------------------------------------------------------------
4. The center of these events - 4. The center of these events -
the English capital = London Constantinople = the capital of
and its neighborhoods Byzantine empire
------------------------------------------------------------------
The identification of London of 10-12th cc. with Constantinople was
obtained above. Consequently, we see that these two cities again
appear simultaneously inside a new chronological parallel.
------------------------------------------------------------------
5. Harold II - English king - 5. Isaac II Angelus - Byzantine
rules as legitimate heir. Harold emperor. He rules as legitimate
is considered as Anglo-Saxon king of the empire
king ([11],p.244)
------------------------------------------------------------------
6. He ruled about 9 months (no 6. He ruled about 1 year: 1203-
more that 1 year). This is - -1204 A.D. This is his second rule
"the Second Harold". "The First on emperor throne. The first time
Harold" (Harefoot) ruled before: it was in 1185-1195 A.D. As we
1036-1039. The periods of rule noted above, his first rule was
for Harold II and Isaac II possible reflected in English
(about 1 year) coincide history as the rule of Harold I
------------------------------------------------------------------
7. Number II in the title 7. Number II in the title of
of Harold II Isaac II
------------------------------------------------------------------
8. "Anglo-Saxon" = Angelus SX 8. "Angelus Isaac" = Angelus SC
(Sax) or Angelus SC (SK)
------------------------------------------------------------------
Practically the same titles included in the complete name. About
the name Harold we will speak later
------------------------------------------------------------------
9. William I (1066-1087) - 9. Theodore (Tudor ?) I Lascaris
English king, beginning the new (1204-1222) - Byzantine emperor.
dynasty. He ruled 21 years. Both He ruled 18 years and he also
rulers has the same number I in started a new dynasty. Sometimes
their dynastic streams as the 1st year of his rule is
considered 1208 A.D.
------------------------------------------------------------------
It is likely that English name Tudor (royal family that ruled
1) About the victory of Britts. In other words, as we think,
- about the victory of crusaders who conquered Byzantine Empire.
2) About one of the most dangerous their enemies - some
Goemagog.
The modern commentary:
"Galfridus combined in one name two ones: Gog and Magog"
([9],p.232). The modern historian, the commentator of Galfridus
chronicle, noted that the nations Gog and Magog are frequently
mentioned in the Bible (in Revelation, in Ezekiel). For example,
in the biblical book Ezekiel we can see the following text about
these terrible and powerful nations:
"Set thy face against Gog, the land of Magog, the chief
prince of Rosh, Meshech and Tubal...Gog shall come against the
land of Israel..." (Ezekiel, 38:2-3,18). According to the Bible,
death and destruction carry these nations.
Remark. In some English publications of the Bible the word
"Rosh" is omitted! Why?
About the hordes of Gog and Magog with fear speaks the
biblical book of Revelation: "Satan shall be loosed out of his
prison, and shall go out to deceive the nations... Gog and Magog,
to gather them together to battle: the number of whom is as the
sand of the sea" (Revelation, 20:7-8).
The modern historian tells us: "Late the people fantasy
transformed Gog and Magog into spiteful, malicious giants. In
London starting from the Middle Ages there are two monuments -
the figures of Gog and Magog (near entrance to the City, today
near town hall" ([9],p.232).
These two medieval nations are well-known and are identified
according to some medieval chroniclers with Goths and Mongols. In
13th c.A.D. Hungarians considered Gog and Magog as Tartars
([9],p.174). All these facts forced us to move the events
described by Galfridus into Byzantine Empire (or in neighboring
countries).
From the other hand it is impossible do not mention about
the following important remark.
The Moscow kingdom, according to the old Russian legend,
which can be found in Russian textbooks until 19th century, "was
founded by biblical patriarch Mosoh". This legend explains why
Moscow is called in Greek as Mosha (Moska). When the Moscow
kingdom was founded? The reader gives the answer immediately: the
first note in chronicles about Moscow is dated by 1147 A.D.
Because the Bible speaks about Gog, the chief prince of
Meshech and Tubal, N.A.Morozov formulated an interesting
question:
"Is it true that the Russian MUZHIK (man, fellow) =
Rosh-Meshech was reflected in this famous biblical fragment, as
the founder of Russia-Muzhikovii ? Then, after the filtration of
the sound ZH through the Greek language, where this sound is
transformed into S, this word was returned again into Russia as
"Russia-Moscow".' ([19],vol.2,p.579).
Morozov wrote: "Any kind of interpretation for these
fragment from the Bible leads you to the historical epoch of
Mongolian period in Russian history, i.e., to the epoch starting
from 1227, when Mongol Batu (Batyi) becomes the ruler (king) of
Moscow. When we agree with this point of view, then all things
become very natural..." ([19],vol.2,p.615).
We realize that for the reader who is not acquainted with
the history of chronological problems and with the books of
Morozov [19], Fomenko [1],[24] and Fomenko, Kalashnikov,
Nosovskij [3], some of our ideas sound sometimes strange.
Nevertheless, from the other hand, as can see the reader, all
these ideas are produces by the formal logical analysis of the
old English chronicles.
Thus, if we return to the Galfridus chronicle, we are forced
to formulate the corollary: during the landing on the coast of
Byzantine Empire in 11th c.A.D. the Brutus' army meets with
several large nations, and among them are Goths, Mongols and
Russians. It is quite natural for 11th c.A.D. because of an
important role which play these nations at this time in medieval
Europe and Asia.
5.9. With whom Julius Caesar fights while conquering
of Britain = Albania?
Let us remind that the Brutus' epoch is simultaneously the
Julius Caesar's epoch. If so, the military operations of Brutus
should be reflected in the texts speaking about the same
operations but from the Caesar's camp.
Galfridus, when finishing the Brutus' story, and passing
several centuries along time-axis, comes finally to Caesar's
epoch. Then he started to repeat the same "Brutus' story", but,
of course, from different point of view.
Galfridus: "As it was mentioned in Roman history, Julius
Caesar (after victory in Gallia) appeared on the coast of
Rutheni. Looking from there on the island Britain, he asked his
fellows, - what about this country and which nation lives here"
([9],p.37).
It is quite clear to the trained reader that, according to
the opinion of modern historians, Galfridus again demonstrates
here his medieval ignorance. The modern commentary to this
fragment of Galfridus' text is as follows: "Rutheni are the Gall
nation lived in Aquitaine (southern-western Gallia). It is
impossible "to view" Britain from there, and consequently,
Rutheni appeared in Galfridus text erroneously" ([9],p.238).
Who are Rutheni? The reader can take again the dictionary of
medieval names and their duplicates (see Matuzova [10]) and he
will obtain the answer immediately:
Rutheni are Russians.
Really:
ANCIENT RUSSIAN STATE: RISSIANS:
Susie, Russii,
Russie, Dogi (!),
Ruissie, Rugi (!),
Rusia, RUTHENI (!),
Russia, Rusceni.
RUTHENIA,
RUTENEA,
Ruthia,
RUTHENA,
Ruscia,
Russcia,
Russya,
Rosie.
It is well-known that Russian army several times took part
in the military operations on Byzantine territory, in particular,
they attacked the Constantinople. Thus, in the Middle Ages
Russian forces really occupied some Byzantine regions. And it was
quite possible "to view" the Albania = Britain = Byzantine Empire
from there.
Thus, our conjecture is as follows.
Rutheni mentioned in old English chronicles during the
Julius Caesar's conquest of Albania = Britain - are the Russians
of 10-12th cc.A.D.
Later these Rutheni were shifted along the geographical map
in Western direction, when the old English chronicles were taken
from Byzantine Empire into modern island England. As a result of
such artificial displacement (shift) the name Rutheni appeared on
the map of Gallia (in France). Consequently, real Rutheni were
"doubled, duplicated". Then the initial, original location of
real Rutheni was forgotten among the English chroniclers.
Let us note the important idea.
When the Byzantine chronicles were transported from the East
to the West (and were inserted in the history of modern island
Britain), this shift also generated the "geographical shift" of
many names and titles which were initially located in Byzantine
Empire and around it. Rutheni (= Russians) are only one of these
examples. We will demonstrate below some another examples.
Let us return to Julius Caesar in Galfridus' description.
The fleet of Caesar invades into Albania = Britain. Here he
starts the battle with Britts ([9],p.38), then defeats them and
conquest the country. Let us stop for a moment and ask the
question: who are Britts in 10-12th cc.A.D.? Traditional
explanation is as follows: Britts are the descendants of Brutus.
This "explanation" explains nothing. Basing on our experience, we
can suspect that "Britts" of 10-12th cc.A.D. is some real nation
of Middle Ages living in some part of Byzantine Empire. We do not
need to search too long. The answer is on the surface.
An important part of Roman-Byzantine Empire is Romania =
Rumania, and also Bulgaria. Here you can see the well-known river
Danube with large afflux Prut = PRT (without vowels) or = BRT. In
the epoch of crusades the Byzantine Empire was the collection of
several feudal states. One of the important nations, which were
represented here (as crusaders), were Germans and Prussians. Let
us put the question: which name was used by medieval English
chroniclers for Prussians? The immediate answer is given by the
same dictionary by Matuzova [10]:
PRUSSIA:
Prurenia (!),
(P-Rutenia = P-Russia),
PRUSSI (Prussians):
Prateni,
Pruteni,
Pructeni,
Prusceni,
Praceni,
Pruceni.
Thus, the medieval sources call the Prussians as Pruteni =
PRTN. It is possible that here we see the medieval BRT = Britts =
Brits, described by Galfridus. Thus, it is possible that Julius
Caesar was at war with medieval Prussians = Pruteni. In
particular, Britain = BRTN (in 10-12th cc.A.D.) coincides with
RRTN = Pruneti = Prussia ! Thus, one of the large regions in
Byzantine Empire, namely, - occupied by Prussians = Pruteni, -
gave the name for Britain = Prutenia.
But another answer is also possible.
According to the Abglo-Saxon Chronicle, the British language
is the language Welsh ([2],p.3). But Welsh is evidently Vlachi =
Blachi and, according to the Matuzova's dictionary, denotes the
Thurki = Turci = Turks. If so, in some cases the Britts can be
identified with Turks (at least in some medieval chronicles). But
this identification again leads us to the Byzantine Empire as the
location of early English history.
We hope that we gave the reasonable answer of the natural
question:
With whom Julius Caesar fights while conquering
of Britain = Albania?
5.10. Where was London located in 10-11th cc. A.D.?
Trained reader waits with answer because suspects (and it is
reasonable) that correct answer can be completely unexpected.
And we continue to read the old English chronicles which
give us the correct answers on the all such questions. But we
need to read "what is written" and not "what should be written".
The second formula is sometimes the point of view of modern
historical Scaliger's tradition which is in the basis of a modern
textbook on ancient history.
Galfridus:
"When finishing with the division of the kingdom, Brutus
decided to built a new town-capital... He founded the town and
called it NEW TROY (! - Auth.). The town preserved this name
during many years and then, because of distortion the initial
title, the name was transformed into TRINOVANT. After this,
Lud... who fighted with Julius Caesar,... ordered to call the
town CAERLUD which means "Town of Lud" (the word Caer = Cair
means simply "town", see details below - Auth.). It was the cause
of a great conflict between Lud and his brother Nennius, because
Nennius was not agree with Lud who wanted to forget the
initial name TROY" ([9],p.18).
And then: "The title was distorted and was transformed into
Caerludein, then into Lundene and finally, into Lundres"
([9],p.37).
The modern commentary: "Trinovant is today the city London"
([9],p.232).
Thus, the old English chronicles states that:
New Troy =
Trinovant =
Lud =
Lundene =
London.
Here we recall that according to the analysis in [1],[24],
the NEW TROY of 10-11th cc.A.D. is New Rome = Constantinople. As
we have mentioned above, the most known historical version states
that "the Troy of Homer" is "somewhere near" the Constantinople =
Istanbul. Schliemann wrongly spent a lot of his time for
senseless "excavations of the Troy" (he discovered not the Troy).
It was sufficient simply to point out on the Constantinople =
future Istanbul.
This idea is in a nice correspondence with all previous
results which give the Byzantine location for initial old events
of English history.
Thus, Galfridus possibly tells us about the 1st crusade of
1099 A.D. As the result of crusade, the new capital was founded -
NEW TROY = future Constantinople.
Let us attract the attention of the reader to the following
remarkable fact. There exists a well-known town TYRNOVO in
Bulgaria. But this name is similar to the name TRINOVANT and
means simply TROY NEW, i.e., TROY NEW = TyrNovo. It becomes clear
that the name Trinovant was initially appeared in Byzantine
Empire, on the Balkan Peninsula, in the Slavonic region and its
initial meaning was NEW TROY. In English the word new means the
same as Slavonic nova or new. Thus, one the initial names of
LONDON was TROY NEW (its trace is Tyrnovo in Bulgaria). It is
interesting that Galfridus states the same, when he tells us
about transformation of the name NEW TROY into TRINOVANT. In
reality, this is not a transformation, but simply the
transposition of two words: Troy and New inside the joint title.
It is clear also, that "town Lud" means simply "town LD" or
"town LT", i.e. = "town of Latins" = "Latin town". The appearance
of the name LT in old English chronicles is quite natural: in the
epoch of crusades in 1204 A.D. the new LATIN EMPIRE was appeared
on the territory of Byzantine Empire. Latin Empire gave its name
to the capital: LATIN TOWN, i.e. Caer-Lud (Cair-Lud). Nennius
tells us that word "Cair" means in old Britts' language "Town"
([8],p.190).
Identification of New Troy = London with Constantinople
follows also from the following fact. As we saw, New Troy was
called later Cair-Lud or Caer-Lud. But Caer or CR (without
vowels) sounds also, for example in Slav languages, as ZR because
of often oscillation between C and Z. Thus, CR or ZR is evidently
ZAR (czar = zar which means "king", "ruler"). Slavonic name for
Constantinople was ZAR-GRAD, which means "king-town". Thus,
CAER-LUD = ZAR-LUD,
i.e. "king-town of Latins" (Latin king town). This is exactly
Constantinople = ZAR-GRAD in Slav language.
Trained reader expects that the whole this story of
Galfridus (about origin of London's name) the modern historical
science claims as wrong and erroneous:
The Galfridus' information about the history and origin of
the name London (from the name of Lud) is wrong. The antique
authors (Tacitus, Ammian Marcellinus) call this town Londinium or
Lundinium. The real history of the name of London is disputable"
([9],p.237).
Thus, after the 1st crusade in 1099 A.D. some chronicles
called the New Rome as NEW TROY. Then, after the foundation in
1204 A.D. the Latin Empire the capital was called also (or was
renamed?) LATIN TOWN, i.e., Caer-Lud and finally, LONDON. This
name was then transported into island England when some of
Byzantine chronicles were moved in this direction (after the fall
of Constantinople in 1204 A.D. or 1453 A.D.).
Nennius listed in his chronicle "the names of all towns
which exist in Britain, and their number is 28" ([8],p.190). The
modern commentary: "Cair means Town in Britts' language"
([8],p.283). We can note here that the capital of Egypt is Cairo.
Consequently, we see again, that in Britts' language the clear
"Eastern trace" was remained. May be, this fact indicates the
Eastern origin of initial old English history.
Galfridus tells us that New Troy ( = London) was founded on
the Thames river ([9],p.18). We think that initially "Thames
river" was one of the name for the Bosporus, where Constantinople
is located. The Bosporus sound (strait) is really very long,
sufficiently thin, and was represented on the old geographical
maps as large river. Schliemann, by the way, decided to place
"his Troy" also in this region, namely - in the end of another
long and thin strait (sound) - the Dardanelles, which is close to
the Bosporus.
Today the name of the "London river" is Thames. But because
all these events are happened in the East, we need to remember
that here some people read the text in opposite direction:
from the right to the left (in Europe: from the left to the
right). The word SOUND (= strait) without vowels is SND and after
opposite reading is DNS. Because D and T were sometimes
equivalent, and the same is valid to M and N, we see that the
following conjecture (equivalence) is possible: DNS = TMS, i.e.
"sound" = "Thames".
From the other hand, Thames is practically identical with
Themis. But Themis is the name of well-known GREEK goddess of
justice.
5.11. Who were scots in 10-12 cc.A.D. and were did they live?
Where was Scotland located in 10-12 cc.A.D.?
Scotland = Scot + Land = the Land of Scots. Scots live in
Scotland - this is well-known fact.
But sufficiently less is known that in old English
chronicles the Scots sometimes are called Scithi, i.e., Scyths !
See, for example the manuscript F of Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
([2],p.3, comment 4). Thus, one of possible answers on the
question in the title of present section is as follows:
Scots = Scyths.
In other words, Scotland = the Land of Scyths = Scithi-Land.
Scyths lived in Scythia, which is partially identified with
some regions in modern Russia. Old English chronicles call
Scythia also as Scithia, Sice, Sithia, Barbaria (see [10]). Are
there some "traces" of medieval name Scots (for Scyths) in modern
Russia? Yes! It is known that Scyths are considered partially as
the nation which cultivated the cattle. But before now the
Russian term for "cattle" is SCOT. Our conjecture: the Scots
mentioned in old English chronicles of 10-12th cc.A.D. are
Scyths = Scithi which lived near Byzantine Empire on the
territory (partially) of modern Russia.
It was in 10-12th cc.A.D. Then, after transport of Byzantine
chronicles into modern island Britain, the name of Scyths was
also automatically shifted in modern England. And today we see in
the modern England the Scyth-Land as Scot-Land.
And we see again that the old English chronicle tell us
about the real Byzantine history, because really Scyths of 10-12th
cc.A.D. lived near Byzantine Empire.
Nennius, in the section with title "About Scots when they
captured Hybernia", informs us:
"If somebody wants to know when... Hybernia was uninhabited,
desert, then the most informed among SCOTS told me the following.
When the people of Israel went from Egypt, the Egyptians who
haunted Israelits (according to the Bible), were sank in the Sea.
Among the Egyptians was one noble man from SCYTHIA (! - Auth.)
with many relatives and with many servants. He was expelled
(banished) from his native kingdom and we was in Egypt when
Egyptian army was sank in the Sea... Then the survived Egyptians
decided to expel him from the Egypt because they afraid that he
can captures their country and to establish his power in Egypt"
([8],p.174).
Then, as a result, these Scyths were expelled from Egypt,
and then their fleet conquered the Hybernia. This event is
considered (in Nennius' opinion) as conquest of Hybernia by Scots
([8],p.175). Thus, here we see that Nennius was sure that Scots
were descended from Scyths.
It is possible that here the name Hybernia was in reality
applied to the Hyberia = old name of modern Georgia (or, may be
to the medieval Spain). It is supposed today in historical
science that medieval Hybernia = Ireland.
As we expect (and this is really true), the modern
historical commentary to this fragment from Nennius' chronicle is
very angry:
"Which Scythia is mentioned here? Bede Venerable calls the
Scandinavia as Scythia. The version about "Scyths" origin of
Scots was appeared because of some similarity between words
"Scithia" and "Scottia" "([8],p.272). The commentator here passed
over in silence that sometimes "Scots" were written in old
English chronicles as "Scithi", i.e., "Scyths" and this fact is
well-known to the real experts in the ancient English history.
See [2]. By the way, the replacement of Scythia by Scandinavia
does not help, because (as we have demonstrated above), the old
English chronicles sometimes identified Cansie = Scandinavia and
Russia (Rossie) (see [10]): "Cansie (or Canzie), and I think that
this is Rosie (in another copy of the manuscript - Russie -
Auth.)" (see the discussion above).
If it was really true that in some medieval historical
period the Scithia was called as Scotland (in some historical
chronicles), then the great interest will obtain the following
fact. As we saw, the English chronicles called Russian king
(ruler) Jaroslav the Sage (Wise) as Malescold (Malescoldus)
([10],p.58). Thus, his whole title (if Scythia was Scotland)
should be Scottish (or Scoth) king Malescold (or Malcolm?). But
we know several medieval Scottish kings Malcolms in traditional
Scotland history. May be one of them is Russian king Jaroslav the
Sage who was "transported" into "island Scottish history" as a
result of chronological and geographical shift?
5.12. Five original languages of ancient Britain.
Which nations used these languages and where did they live in
10-12th cc.A.D.?
On the first page of Anglo-Saxon Chronicle the following
important information is presented:
"Here in this island (i.e. in Britain - Auth.) are five
languages:
English,
British or Welsh,
Irish,
Pictish, and
Latin...
Picts came from the south from Scythia with warships, not
many, and landed at first in northern Ireland, and there asked
the Scots if they mights dwell there... And the Picts asked the
Scots for wives... A part of Scots went from Ireland into
Britain" ([2],p.3).
Is there any contradiction between these facts and our
identification of old English events with events of crusades
epoch of 10-12th cc. A.D. in Byzantine empire? No
contradiction! Moreover, here we see certain confirmation of our
conjecture.
1) Appearance of the name Anglia (English) in the old
English history is quite natural - this is the evident reflection
of well-known dynasty of Byzantine emperors: Angels = Angelus
(1185-1204).
2) The name Latin is the reflection of Latin Empire in
Constantinople (13th c. A.D.), and a little earlier - the
reflection of a group of Latins who came in Byzantine Empire
during crusades epoch. Then they settled here and founded several
feudal states.
3-a) The name British = BRT (and its duplicate=equivalent
Welsh, see [2]) also is presented in the medieval Byzantine
history. This is the name of Prussians=Pruteni = PRT (see above).
3-b) The English term Welsh is also well-known in medieval
Byzantine empire. It is sufficient to look in the table of
Matuzova [10] to get an immediate answer:
Vlach (or Blachi) = Welsh - this is Turci = Thurki = Turks.
Really:
Turks =
Coralli,
Thurki,
Turci,
Vlachi = Blachi, Ilac, Blac (!).
The name Vlachi=Blachi or Volochi is well-known in the
medieval Europe. Starting from 9th c. A.D., they lived on the
territory of modern Romania = Rumania ([11],p.352) and they
formed the state Valachia. It is remarkable that the another,
second name for Valachia was Zara Rumanska, i.e. the Kingdom of
Romania (or Rumania). The most serious influence (on the fate of
the whole region) Valachia had in 14th c.A.D.
The history of Valachia is closely connected with the
history of Turkey. The medieval Valachia several times was in a
heavy war with Turkey (with Osman Empire). In the end of 14th
century and in the beginning of 15th century the rulers of
Valachia became the vassals of Turkey ([11],p.356). Consequently,
the names of Valachia (Welsh) and Turkey are closely connected in
the whole medieval history of Byzantine Empire.
Moreover, the name Vlachi is well-known in the history of
Constantinople. One of the main residences of Byzantine emperors
was in Vlachern Palace ([25],p.226-229). This "Palace was the
favorite residence of Comnenus" ([15],p.137). Greeks called it
Vlacherni.
"Valachia (in the form Blakie) - is geographical name which
is often used by Robert de Clari (and also by Geoffrey de
Villehardouin) for the territory of Eastern Balkan" ([15],p.135).
This region was called by Byzantine authors as Great Vlachia. In
other words, the Great Vlachia is the part of the modern
Bulgaria.
Thus, the old English name Welsh points out on Balkan's
Valachia of 9-15 cc. A.D., or on the Turkey, or on the whole
Byzantine Empire.
4) The original (preimage) of Pictish (Picts, Pict = PCT) in
Byzantine Empire is quite clear. It is well-known that the
ancient name of Egypt was Copt (= CPT) or Gipt. Thus, we obtain
the immediate answer:
Picts - are Copts or Gipts (i.e., Egyptians).
By the way, Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is quite right when
speaking that Picts came (in Britain - Auth.) from the country
which is in the South with respect to Scithia. Really, Egypt is
in the South with respect to the Scythia.
5) And finally, what about the language IRISH ? Anglo-Saxon
Chronicle states that some part of Scotts came from Ireland
([2],p.3). Besides this, at least in some historical epochs we
have:
"Down to the time of Alfred this term Scottas refers either
to the Scots of Ireland or of the Irish kingdom of Argyll"
([2],p.3, comm.5).
But this means that Ireland is the part of Scot-Land.
Because we have possible identification of Scots of 10-12th cc.
with Scyths, then we obtain the following conjecture:
language Irish is Russian (RSH = Russia),
because without vowels we have RSH - RSS, "irish" and "russian"
sound very closely. Consequently, in this historical epoch we
have:
Ireland = Ire + Land is the Russia.
We realize that this possible identification of Ireland (in
some historical epoch) with Russia (and consequently,
identification of Scotland with Scythia), can generate a certain
irritation and even indignation of some scientists. Nevertheless,
we are forced to repeat once more that all these conclusions
follow from the text of old English chronicles, when we read
them without the restrictions generated by traditional Scaliger's
chronology. By the way, may be not all readers know that the
legendary English (British) king Arthur (who is one of the most
famous rulers of ancient England and is placed traditionally
approximately in the 5th c.A.D.) was in direct contact with the
king of Russia ("and the king of Russia, the most severe of the
knights"). This is the report of Layamon (the beginning of 13th
century) - the author of the poem "Brut, or the Chronicle of
Britain" ([23], see also [10],pp.247-248). By the way, in the
time of the king Arthur the princess (or queen) of Russia was
kidnaped (see [23]).
When speaking about nations populated the old England,
Galfridus tells us ([9],p.6):
Normans,
Britts,
Saxs,
Picts,
Scots.
We spoke about Britts, Picts and Scots. Now - about Normans.
6) Normans play an important role in Byzantine Empire of
10-15 cc. They took part in crusades. However, it is possible,
that Normans are simply one more variant for the name Romans. If
so, they are Romans - Romei, the people who lived in Roman
(Byzantine) empire.
7) Now - about Saxs (Saxons). "Saxs (Saxons) - German nation
lived in northern Europe, mostly on the territory near North Sea.
In 5-6 centuries Britain was conquered by German tribes...
Galfridus usually calls he GERMAN INVADERS by generalized name
SAXS (SAXONS), but in some cases speaks about Angls (Angels)"
([9],pp.229-230). Let us compare with Byzantine history. It is
well-known that Germans took part in crusades. Consequently,
Saxons (Saxs) and Angls (Angels) were among the nations which
invaded into Byzantine empire in 10-12 centuries.
Thus, finally we see that the old English chronicles tell
here not about some small nations which, as supposed today, lived
many years ago on the modern island England, but about real great
nations, states and empires. These great medieval nations were
well-known in medieval Byzantine empire and Mediterranean region.
If so, the old English chronicles describe important events in
medieval world (crusades et cetera). (From traditional point of
view they speak about "local events" on isolated island).
And only later, after the artificial transport of some
Byzantine chronicles into modern island England, this remarkable
history of great events was artificially compressed, "decreased
in the size" and was transformed into "small" local history on
sufficiently "small area" - on the one island.
5.13. Where were located six original English kingdoms
Britain, Kent, Sussex, Wessex, Essex and Mercia in
10-12 centuries.?
The answer is given in the previous section.
All these states (and nations) are real states (and nations)
of medieval Europe in 10-12th cc. They took part in the conquest
of Byzantine empire and then they created several feudal
crusaders states.
1) Britain - is, most likely, Prussia = Prutenia or Turkey
(= Vlachia).
2) Kent is, according to J.Blaire [6], the Saxons region
= Saxonia. Let us recall that in 10-12th cc. on the German
territory there exists Saxons area = Saxonia.
3) Sussex = South Saxons.
4) Wessex = West Saxons.
5) Essex = East Saxons.
6) Mercia. Possible this is again Germany or some of its
part, because in the Middle Ages Germany was called Moesia and,
for example, town Marburg was called Merseburg, i.e. Merse + Burg
([10],p.263). It is also possible that chronicles mean Turkey
when speaking about Mercia (Mersia). See, for example, large town
Mersin in Turkey on the coast of Mediterranean sea.
Anyway, we see that all six old-English kingdoms of
10-12th cc. can be located in Europe around the Byzantine
Empire and all of then took part in its "feudal-state
organization" during crusades. And only later all these states
and nations were "transported" into island England, were
artificially "decreased in size" and were inserted in a modern
textbooks, where they are considered today as the initial English
kingdoms of 5-8th cc.A.D.
5.14. A shift of originally Byzantine map to the land of
modern Great Britain resulted in duplicating of
many geographical terms
Let us again return to an important book of Matuzova [10]
and let us analyze the information from old-English chronicles
collected in [10]. It turns out that on the modern geographical
map (which has its origin in medieval maps of 10-16th cc.) many
geographical names are DUPLICATED, i.e., are appeared TWICE: in
the West and in the East. There is an impression that somebody
took the original geographical map, then shifted it in eastern
direction (or, possible, in opposite - western direction) and
then overlapped the shifted map onto the initial map. As a
result, we see the "duplication" of many names. Now we will
demonstrate the short table which represents this duplication of
medieval geographical names.
Our explanation is very simple. Part of the names were
transported from the West to the East when crusaders invaded into
Byzantine empire. They founded here several new feudal states and
took with them their own prehistory and part of the old native
geographical names.
Another part of the names was shifted in back direction from
the East to the West later when the descendants of crusaders were
defeated by Turks in 15th century and returned from Byzantine
empire in the Europe (the fall of Byzantine empire). Taking with
them the survived documents, these people transported also some
geographical names. We need also to take into account the natural
psychological effect: when changing the place, people often feel
sad and surround themselves by "old names". For example, you can
see today on the modern map of America the names of many old
European town: Moscow et cetera.
Danes = Daci = Dani = Dacia = Denemearc ---- Daneis
(Danube)
Galatia ---- Galicia,
Galli, Gallia (in France) ---- Galich (in Russia),
Danube (in Europe) --- Danai, Thanais, Tanais (in Russia),
Ruhr area and mountains (in Germany) --- Riffeng (Rifei
= Ripheis) mountains = Urals mountains (in Russia),
Bulgarians in Bulgaria ---- Bulgarians on the Volga (in Russia),
Al'bania = Albion = Britain ---- Albania ---- Albania on the
coast of the Caspian Sea, then Albania as a province of Great
Asia, which is bounded by the Caspian Sea and spreads to the
North Ocean, then Albania = Alania (in the Caucasus).
Rome ---- New Rome = Constantinople,
Troy (in Italy) ---- Troy in Asia ---- New Troy (Constantinople),
Scots (= Scithi) in England --- Scyths in Russia and Byzantine
empire,
Hybernia = Ireland ---- Hybernia - Hyberia in Spain ---- Hyberia
= Georgia,
Ruthenia (Rutheni) in Aquitaine ---- P+Ruthenia (Prussia) ----
Rutheni as tribes in Celtic Gallia ---- Russia = Ruthenia ----
Ruteni (Rutheni) or Rutia - the province in Mesia (= Germany),
Gothia = Gotia = Germany ---- Scandinavia = Gothia = Gotia,
Goths and Dani ---- Scandinavians, then Gothia (Gotia) = island
Gotland ---- Gotia as territory in Tavrida=Taurus, Goths lived in
the Crimea,
Rome-Romania ---- Rumania-Romei ---- Armenia ---- Normans,
Hungaria ---- Great Hungaria ---- Minor Hungaria ---- Hunia (in
the East, Hunns) ---- Hungri = Great Bashkir,
Great Greece in southern Italy ---- Great Greece (modern
location),
Britain (= BRTN) ---- P+Ruthenia (Prussia) ---- PRT (Prut),
Germany = Maesia ---- Mesia in Asia Minor = Messina ---- Messina
in Sicily,
Genoa (in Italy) ---- Geneva.
We interrupt the list because the reader can easily continue
it, using geographical maps and modern commentaries to medieval
chronicles.
5.15. William I the Conqueror and Hastings battle in 1066 A.D.
The fourth crusade in 1204 A.D.
5.15.1. Two well-known wars in England and Byzantine
Empire have the same origin
Because luck of space, we have listed above only a few
"identification of events" between English and Byzantine history.
But it is impossible to finish the paper without mentioning one
more interesting parallel (identification):
the English war of William I the Conqueror (about 1066 A.D.
in traditional chronology) is the reflection of the 4th
Byzantine crusade (about 1204 A.D.).
We describe this parallel very briefly and hope that
statisticians and historians can continue this work.
As we saw above in the Fig.1 (representing the dynastic
parallel between English and Byzantine history), the epoch of 4th
crusade 1204 A.D. is statistically identified exactly with epoch
of William I.
5.15.2. English version of William the Conqueror story
Briefly speaking, the classical history of William (in
traditional version) is as follows (see, for example, [7],p.343).
His full name is :
duke William I of Normandy, the Bastard, Conqueror,
See ([2],p.197; or [7]).
Edward "The Confessor" died in 1066 A.D. without sons. One
of his dukes Harold II "Godwinson", king of Norway, king of
English; (see [2],p.196,197), was extremely powerful, took the
kingdom and nobody objected (all others were agreed to see
Harold as new king). But after some time appeared William the
Bastard, duke of Normandy and started to claim the throne.
William said that Edward fixed him as his successor (suggested
the throne). William addressed to Roman pope and succeeded in
attraction of the pope on his side. Then William sent ambassadors
in Germany and France asking for a help and support. As a result,
William collected "a great army consisting of adventurers who
came from France, Flandria, Bretan, Aquitaine, Burgundy, Apulia,
Sicily... They collected for the robbery of England" ([7],p.343).
William (Wilhelm) organized the large fleet for invasion into
England. It is interesting that in Baye there exists the large
ancient carpet (70 meters long and 50 centimeters wide) of 11th
century, representing the fleet of William Conqueror. This carpet
contains about 1255 images of different persons and objects.
While William waited the fair wind, the Norwegians landed in
the mouth of Humber river under leadership of Tostig (brother of
Harold). Harold went to the enemies and defeated Tostig near
York. But at the same day on a free coast the huge army of
Normans was landed (near Pevensey). In spite of his wounds,
Harold turned fast his army in back direction. He hurried to
started the battle without waiting the reinforcement. The violent
battle was happened near Hastings. Harold army was defeated and
he was killed. "This victory was one of the most important in the
history. The whole England was conquered by duke of Normandy
(William - Auth.) who was crowned in London" ([7],p.344).
The church anointment transformed William into real and
legitimate king. He begins the terror, many people were declared
as traitors, the landed property was confiscated. The reaction
was immediate - revolts. But William suppressed all riots with
extreme cruelty. His rule is considered today as very important
for English history, this is "turning point", many pages of
chronicles are devoted to William (see, for example, Anglo-Saxon
Chronicle). William starts the Norman dynasty (dynasty from
Normandy) in England. The dynasty lasts until 1154 A.D. and then
is replaced by new Anjou dynasty.
5.15.3. Byzantine version of the Constantinople's
conquest
Let us recall now the traditional version of this important
event following, for example, to [11]. The 4th crusade 1202-1204
A.D. was started with the call of Roman pope Innocent II. The
campaign was finished by the conquest of Constantinople and
complete change of ruling dynasty in Byzantine empire. The forth
crusade is considered today as one of the most important events
in European history. There are many survived documents and
literary sources about this crusade, which were written,
allegedly, by the direct participants of crusade (see below).
Crusaders asked Venice to give them the fleet. And very soon
the huge fleet with army came to the Constantinople. "The ground
was the appeal of Byzantine prince Alexey to the pope and to the
German emperor with asking the help. Alexey was the son of the
Byzantine emperor Isaac II the Angelus, who was dethroned in 1195
A.D." ([11],p.209). Crusaders were supported by feudals of France
and German empire. Roman pope also helped to crusaders. From the
other hand he "forbid" them (but only verbal) to harm the
Christian regions. "Thus, all powerful political parties of the
medieval Europe pushed the crusaders to the conquest of Byzantine
empire" ([11],p.209).
It was created the special Council consisting of several
noble leaders. The formal leader of crusade was Boniface
Monferratio. But the head of the Council of crusade was
well-known marshal Geoffroy de Villehardouin. He was
"distinguished and well-known politician of crusade, he took part
in all important diplomatic actions" ([15],p.125). When today
somebody speaks about 4th crusade, then the first person which is
immediately mentioned, is Villehardouin. He is supposed today as
the author of well-known chronicle "La Conqueste de
Constantinople" [26] (see details in [25]). The conjecture is
that he dictated these chronicle in the end of his life.
Crusaders besieged the Constantinople in 1204 A.D. and
restored on the throne the emperor Isaac II the Angelus. But
cannot pay them the whole amount of money which he promised for
their support. Enraged crusaders captured the capital in 1204
A.D. and violently plundered the town. The large part of the city
was burned, the famous temple of Saint Sofia was also plundered
and its great treasures were disappeared (according to legend
were transported somewhere).
Crusaders founded in Constantinople the new state - Latin
empire (1204-1261). Thus, the last period of Byzantine history
began in 1204 A.D. This epoch was named above as Byzantine empire
No. 3. The new Greek (Byzantine) dynasty starts from Theodore I
Lascaris (1204-1222). His coming to the power is a direct result
of 4th crusade, of the war and conquest of Constantinople.
5.15.4. A list of correspondences between events from
Byzantine and English chronicles
__________________________________________________________________
England (about 1066 A.D.) Byzantine empire (about 1204 A.D.)
__________________________________________________________________
1. Big war in England, which was 1. Well-known war - 4th crusade
the "turning point" in the whole of 1202-1204 A.D. One of the most
English history (1066 A.D.) important events in Byzantine
history
------------------------------------------------------------------
2. In 1066 A.D. begins the 2. In 1204 begins the new Latin
Normans invasion into Anglia, empire (in the part of Byzantine
which lasts until 1154 A.D. empire), and also begins the
new Nicaea empire
------------------------------------------------------------------
3. Normandian dynasty ends in 3. Latin empire ends in 1261 A.D.,
1154 A.D., i.e., lasts about 88 i.e., lasts about 60 years
years
------------------------------------------------------------------
It is clear from the Fig.1, that both dynasty (and corresponding
empires) are "very similar" and become "parallel" under rigid
chronological 100 (or 120)-year shift. This shift "identifies"
the Byzantine epoch of 1204-1453 A.D. and Anglia epoch of 1066--
-1327 A.D.
------------------------------------------------------------------
4. The center of these events - 4. The center of these events -
the English capital = London Constantinople = the capital of
and its neighborhoods Byzantine empire
------------------------------------------------------------------
The identification of London of 10-12th cc. with Constantinople was
obtained above. Consequently, we see that these two cities again
appear simultaneously inside a new chronological parallel.
------------------------------------------------------------------
5. Harold II - English king - 5. Isaac II Angelus - Byzantine
rules as legitimate heir. Harold emperor. He rules as legitimate
is considered as Anglo-Saxon king of the empire
king ([11],p.244)
------------------------------------------------------------------
6. He ruled about 9 months (no 6. He ruled about 1 year: 1203-
more that 1 year). This is - -1204 A.D. This is his second rule
"the Second Harold". "The First on emperor throne. The first time
Harold" (Harefoot) ruled before: it was in 1185-1195 A.D. As we
1036-1039. The periods of rule noted above, his first rule was
for Harold II and Isaac II possible reflected in English
(about 1 year) coincide history as the rule of Harold I
------------------------------------------------------------------
7. Number II in the title 7. Number II in the title of
of Harold II Isaac II
------------------------------------------------------------------
8. "Anglo-Saxon" = Angelus SX 8. "Angelus Isaac" = Angelus SC
(Sax) or Angelus SC (SK)
------------------------------------------------------------------
Practically the same titles included in the complete name. About
the name Harold we will speak later
------------------------------------------------------------------
9. William I (1066-1087) - 9. Theodore (Tudor ?) I Lascaris
English king, beginning the new (1204-1222) - Byzantine emperor.
dynasty. He ruled 21 years. Both He ruled 18 years and he also
rulers has the same number I in started a new dynasty. Sometimes
their dynastic streams as the 1st year of his rule is
considered 1208 A.D.
------------------------------------------------------------------
It is likely that English name Tudor (royal family that ruled