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Второе покушение на болгарского эмигранта, на сей раз Владимира Костова, произошло неделю спустя в Париже и окончилось неудачей. Стальную пульку удалось извлечь из его тела еще до того, как рицин начал поступать в кровь. После того, как в конце 1989 года Тодора Живкова арестовали, в Софию приехала вдова Маркова и постаралась найти виновных в смерти ее мужа. Но даже если досье ДС на Маркова было уничтожено или отправлено в Москву, несомненно, бывшие сотрудники ДС, которые знали правду об убийстве, еще остались. По мере движения Болгарии к демократии они, возможно, и решатся ее рассказать.
Несмотря на развернувшуюся пропагандистскую кампанию, КГБ, похоже, остался одной из наименее перестроенных организаций в горбачевской России. Крючков сейчас выглядит как символ развенчанного и осужденного прошлого. В августе 1991 года, убежденный, что Горбачев возглавляет процесс разрушения советской системы, он стал одним из руководителей переворота против Горбачева. Переворот, однако, привел не к свержению Горбачева, а к аресту Крючкова и других заговорщиков.
КГБ всеми силами пытается откреститься от участия как в сталинском терроре, так и в менее серьезных преступлениях времен «застоя». Советские граждане, узнавая все больше подробностей жуткой истории КГБ, неизбежно зададутся вопросом: а можно ли вообще перестроить такую организацию? В странах Восточной Европы народы уже осудили службы безопасности, созданные по образу и подобию КГБ. Рано или поздно народ отречется и от КГБ. Шествие со свечами вокруг центрального здания КГБ, которое прошло в 1989 году в память миллионов жертв террора, стало первым шагом к такому отречению. В 1990 году неподалеку от штаб-квартиры КГБ на площади Дзержинского был установлен памятник «жертвам тоталитарного режима». Огромный валун из лагеря, открытого еще в 1918 году на берегу Белого моря, символизирует идею о том, что политические преследования начались не во времена Сталина, а раньше – в первые годы большевистской революции. Одним из последствий провалившегося переворота в августе 1991 года стало то, что разгоряченная толпа свергла почитаемый символ КГБ – памятник основателю комитета Феликсу Дзержинскому.
Как и каждое крупное государство, Советский Союз нуждается как во внутренней службе безопасности, так и в разведке. Однако для того, чтобы иметь разведывательную службу, пользующуюся уважением граждан, придется закрыть КГБ и начать все сначала.
Приложение:
Вячеслав Рудольфович Менжинский 1926—1934 (ОГПУ)
Генрих Григорьевич Ягода 1934—1936 (НКВД)
Николай Иванович Ежов 1936—1938 (НКВД)
Лаврентий Павлович Берия 1938—1941 (НКВД)
Всеволод Николаевич Меркулов 1941 (НКГБ) (февраль – июль)
Лаврентий Павлович Берия 1941—1943 (НКВД)
Всеволод Николаевич Меркулов 1943—1946 (НКГБ/МГБ)
Виктор Семенович Абакумов 1946—1951 (МГБ)
Сергей Иванович Огольцов 1951 (Исполняющий обязанности; МГБ) (август – декабрь)
Семен Денисович Игнатьев 1951—1953 (МГБ)
Лаврентий Павлович Берия 1953 (МВД) (март – июнь)
Сергей Никифорович Круглов 1953—1954 (МВД)
Иван Александрович Серов 1954—1958 (КГБ)
Александр Николаевич Шелепин 1958—1961 (КГБ)
Владимир Ефимович Семичастный 1961—1967 (КГБ)
Юрий Владимирович Андропов 1967—1982 (КГБ)
Виталий Васильевич Федорчук 1982 (КГБ) (май – декабрь)
Виктор Михайлович Чебриков 1982—1988 (КГБ)
Владимир Александрович Крючков 1988 —
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Несмотря на развернувшуюся пропагандистскую кампанию, КГБ, похоже, остался одной из наименее перестроенных организаций в горбачевской России. Крючков сейчас выглядит как символ развенчанного и осужденного прошлого. В августе 1991 года, убежденный, что Горбачев возглавляет процесс разрушения советской системы, он стал одним из руководителей переворота против Горбачева. Переворот, однако, привел не к свержению Горбачева, а к аресту Крючкова и других заговорщиков.
КГБ всеми силами пытается откреститься от участия как в сталинском терроре, так и в менее серьезных преступлениях времен «застоя». Советские граждане, узнавая все больше подробностей жуткой истории КГБ, неизбежно зададутся вопросом: а можно ли вообще перестроить такую организацию? В странах Восточной Европы народы уже осудили службы безопасности, созданные по образу и подобию КГБ. Рано или поздно народ отречется и от КГБ. Шествие со свечами вокруг центрального здания КГБ, которое прошло в 1989 году в память миллионов жертв террора, стало первым шагом к такому отречению. В 1990 году неподалеку от штаб-квартиры КГБ на площади Дзержинского был установлен памятник «жертвам тоталитарного режима». Огромный валун из лагеря, открытого еще в 1918 году на берегу Белого моря, символизирует идею о том, что политические преследования начались не во времена Сталина, а раньше – в первые годы большевистской революции. Одним из последствий провалившегося переворота в августе 1991 года стало то, что разгоряченная толпа свергла почитаемый символ КГБ – памятник основателю комитета Феликсу Дзержинскому.
Как и каждое крупное государство, Советский Союз нуждается как во внутренней службе безопасности, так и в разведке. Однако для того, чтобы иметь разведывательную службу, пользующуюся уважением граждан, придется закрыть КГБ и начать все сначала.
Приложение:
Председатели органов Государственной безопасности
Феликс Эдмундович Дзержинский 1917—1926 (ВЧК/ГПУ/ОГПУ)Вячеслав Рудольфович Менжинский 1926—1934 (ОГПУ)
Генрих Григорьевич Ягода 1934—1936 (НКВД)
Николай Иванович Ежов 1936—1938 (НКВД)
Лаврентий Павлович Берия 1938—1941 (НКВД)
Всеволод Николаевич Меркулов 1941 (НКГБ) (февраль – июль)
Лаврентий Павлович Берия 1941—1943 (НКВД)
Всеволод Николаевич Меркулов 1943—1946 (НКГБ/МГБ)
Виктор Семенович Абакумов 1946—1951 (МГБ)
Сергей Иванович Огольцов 1951 (Исполняющий обязанности; МГБ) (август – декабрь)
Семен Денисович Игнатьев 1951—1953 (МГБ)
Лаврентий Павлович Берия 1953 (МВД) (март – июнь)
Сергей Никифорович Круглов 1953—1954 (МВД)
Иван Александрович Серов 1954—1958 (КГБ)
Александр Николаевич Шелепин 1958—1961 (КГБ)
Владимир Ефимович Семичастный 1961—1967 (КГБ)
Юрий Владимирович Андропов 1967—1982 (КГБ)
Виталий Васильевич Федорчук 1982 (КГБ) (май – декабрь)
Виктор Михайлович Чебриков 1982—1988 (КГБ)
Владимир Александрович Крючков 1988 —
Библиография
А. Неопубликованные источники
Подробные ссылки на документы из американских, австралийских, австрийских, британских, французских и немецких архивов даны в примечаниях. Выдержки из документов Государственного архива Великобритании и других материалов Короны, защищенных авторским правом, приводятся с разрешения Инспектора Издательства Ее Величества. Архивы КГБ, один из наиболее важных неопубликованных источников материалов для этой книги, остаются закрытыми. (См. статью Олега Гордиевского об этих архивах в Intelligence and National Security, vol. VI (1991), no. 1.)В. Опубликованные источники
Ниже указаны только книги и статьи, на которые имеются ссылки. Использованные при написании этой книги две наиболее важные работы по КГБ советских авторов до сих пор не опубликованы и остаются глубоко засекреченными. Это внутренняя история КГБ, написанная в 1978 году под руководством Дмитрия Федоровича Григоренко, а также вышедшая в 1980-м книга по истории Первого главного управления, одним из авторов которой был Гордиевский. В первые годы эры Горбачева многие из важных советских исследований КГБ появились в виде статей в газетах и журналах. Эти статьи перечислены ниже. Ссылки на другие журнальные и газетные статьи, а также на теле– и радиопередачи и материалы парламентских отчетов и дебатов приведены только в ссылках.С. Abramsky and Beryl J. Williams (eds.), Essays in Honour of E. H. Carr (London: Macmillan, 1974).
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