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Первоначально эта статья была опубликована в журнале The Psyhoanalytic Study of Child (1988), 43:101-143: Edited by Albert J.Solnit, Peter B.Neubauer, Samuel Abrams and A.Scott Dowling. Copyright У 1988 by Albert J.Solnit, Peter B.Neubauer, Samuel Abrams and A.Scott Dowling. Yale University Press. Перепечатывается по разрешению.
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Поскольку все психические переживания означают здесь, что феномены являются или становятся психически представленными, то объектное представление может быть лучшим термином, чем привычная объектная репрезентация, которая недостаточно различает переживания «внутренних» и «внешних» объектов
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Я осознаю, что в отношении нормальных или более или менее широко распространенных феноменов развития не следовало бы использовать термин, обозначающий патологическую манифестацию, в которую позднее в жизни они могут переходить через регрессию. Таким образом, выражения типа «параноидное» или «депрессивное» решение используются здесь достаточно осторожно и в отсутствие установившихся альтернатив.
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Смотри «идеализированный родительский образ» Кохута (1966) и «примитивную идеализацию» Кернберга (1976).
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«Splitting» — здесь — вертикальное расщепление. Существует другое понятие — «schizis», на русский язык это слово переводится как горизонтальное расщепление. — (Прим. науч. ред.)
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Преобразующая интернализация Кохута (1966, 1971), детально разработанная далее Толпином (1971), показывает некоторые важные элементы сходства с представленным здесь процессом функционально-селективных идентификаций. Однако, вследствие столь же важных отличий в понимании данного процесса и его результатов, а также в теоретических предпосылках, эти две точки зрения нельзя сравнивать в этой связи.
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Англ. — «I». — (Прим. науч. ред.)
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1 Хотя все, переживаемое психически, является по определению интрапсихическим, данный термин обычно используется для описания феноменов, переживаемых как принадлежащие к самоопределяемому миру представлений индивида по контрасту с теми переживаниями, которые воспринимаются как принадлежащие к внешнему миру.
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Клиническим следствием того факта, что сознательно-дихотомическое переживание Собственного Я является результатом достигнутой идентичности, будет проблематичность установления надежного терапевтического альянса (Zetzel, 1956; Greenson, 1967) с пациентами, которые не достигли константности Собственного Я и объекта в раннем развитии.
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В отличие от расхожего мнения идентификация как правило не подразумевает эмпирическую утрату переживания Собственного Я, но вместо этого приводит к длительной или временной утрате того аспекта объекта, с которым произошла идентификация.
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1981
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1983
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1985
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1959
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4 Относительно психоаналитической трактовки эго-идеала см. Bios (1962, 1979), Hartmann and Loewenstein (1962), Jacobson (1954, 1964), Sandier and Rosenblatt (1962), Laufer (1964), Chassequet-Smirgel (1985).)
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1962
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1962
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1981
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После соития всякое живое существо опечалено (лат.) — (Прим. перев.)
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Впервые эта статья появилась в «Скандинавском психоаналитическом обозрении» (The Scandinavian Psychoanalytic Review, 1984), 7:13-33. Reprinted by Permission. Copyright® Munksgard International Publishers. Copenhagen.)
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Freud S. Trauer und Melancholic // G.W. Bd.10. S.428. [1917e]
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объект
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О мертвых хорошо либо ничего (лат.). — (Прим. перев.)
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Помимо психоаналитического использования термина идентификация как относящегося к психическому процессу, по-средством которого элементы, воспринимаемые как принадле-жащие к объектному представлению, начинают восприниматься как принадлежащие к представлению Собственного Я, общепринятые, разговорные способы использования глагола идентифицировать включают: делать идентичным, считать или относиться к кому-либо как к себе, показывать, что ты являешься определенным человеком или вещью; присоединяться или тесно сотрудничать (Webster New Universal Abridged Dictionary, 1983). Представляется возможным, что кляйнианское исполь-зование слова «идентификация» не всегда было строго психо— 1 аналитическим, но скорее представляло смесь его различных лексических значений. Это объяснило бы конструкцию таких концепций, как проективная идентификация, и сделало бы более понятными такие утверждения, как: «результатом проек-тивной идентификации... может быть то, что объект воспринимается как приобретший характерные черты проецируемой части Собственного Я, но ее результатом также может быть и то, что Собственное Я становится идентифицировано с объектом сво-ей проекции» (Segal, 1973, р.126)
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Поэтически чарующие и на первый взгляд «глубоко психологические» конструкции внутриутробных или очень ранних cамостных переживаний, а также конструкции о «секретных садах», где «реальное Собственное Я» шизофренического пациента ведет уединенную, однако тонкую и эмоционально насыщенную жизнь, принадлежат к психоаналитической мифологии, а не являются информативными относительно недифференцированного уровня переживаний.
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Пациентка Сечехайе (1951) Рини с мольбой и с потрясающей проницательностью взывала к своему аналитику в разгар своей предпсихотической паники (выделенные курсивом замечания мои): «Вода поднимается! Она собирается затопить меня, а также вас (утрата дифференцированного переживания (Собственного Я и объекта)... Спасите меня, я так сильно страдаю!.. Ничего нельзя сделать, я собираюсь переправляться на другую сторону (недифференцированность). И это будет конец; я не буду больше страдать (тревога исчезнет вместе с исчезновением переживания Собственного Я); я лишь не смогу вернуться обратно (психологическая смерть) (р. 42).
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С соответствующими необходимыми изменениями (лат.) — (Прим. перев.)
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Идеация — способность формирования и восприятия идей. — (Прим. перев.)
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Непременным условием (лат.) — (Прим. перев.)
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Наравне и одновременно (лат.). — (Прим. перев.)
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С соответствующими необходимыми изменениями (лат.) — (Прим. перев.)
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При повторении своего травматического прошлого в лечебных взаимоотношениях у этих пациентов очень резко высвечивается та эволюционная стадия, когда у мальчика в нуклеарной семье имеются раздельные диадные объекты для должной любви и для его потребности в идеальном Собственном Я, таким образом, по-видимому, подтверждая точку зрения Кохута (1971) о раздельных эволюционных линиях для объектной любви и нарциссизма. Интересно отметить, что Кохут разработал свою теорию во время работы с пациентами, проявляющими высокоуровневые нарциссические состояния, сходные с состояниями, описываемыми здесь.
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Талиона закон (от лат. talio — возмездие, равное по силе преступлению), заключался в причинении виновному такого же вреда, который нанесен им самим. — (Прим. перев.)
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Не прикасайся ко мне. — Прим. перев.
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Я понимаю, что рекомендуемый мною подход к пациентам с вытесненными нарциссическими травмами и заторможенными диадными идеализациями сходен с подходом Кохута (1971, 1977) к пациентам, проявляющим нарциссические расстройства личности со связными переживаниями Собственного Я. Такие сходства, по-видимому, говорят в пользу того, что патологию этих пациентов следует рассматривать в основном как патологию Собственного Я с подчеркиванием необходимости для аналитика терпеть идеализацию себя пациентом, а также в пользу роли в лечении передаваемой эмпатии. Однако важные различия в наших взглядах на психическое развитие в целом и таким образом в наших способах понимания этого частного уровня патологии не дают мне возможности попытаться провести дальнейшее сравнение между двумя нашими точками зрения в этом вопросе
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