chains of various complexity. Each such chain has its group of afferent and efferent
fibres. In such a system an excitement can be extended in all directions, both from an
afferent fibre to an efferent one and vice versa, though in each link the impulses of
excitement go only in one direction: the dendrite
height="15" width="19" border="0"> the body of a cell
height="15" width="19" border="0"> the axon
width="19" border="0"> the synapse
width="19" border="0"> the dendrite and so on. All closed chains and other connections
of neurones are surrounded by a thick circuit of nervous sprouts, coming away from the
cells participating in nervous circles, forming the neuropile, the structure of which
numerous cells with short axons and much ramified dendrites also form. The
neurone-neuropile structure of the cerebral cortex does not resemble similar formations
in other parts of the nervous system; it is more developed, more highly organised and
is destined for the implementation of the most complex functions of the cerebral cortex
connected with the operating of the first, second, third and fourth signal subsystems,
responsible for the normal functioning of the organism itself, his stay in conditions of
environment, his interrelations with other people, his functioning as a fng. unit in some
fnl. cell of fnl. pyramids of the society as well as for the content of his inner world,
that is his capacity for perception, imagination, the formation of notions, images and
finally creativity.
The cerebrum receives the information about the environment and
the character of interaction with it through six organs of sense (eyesight, hearing, scent,
touch, taste and the perceiving part of skin-muscular irritations), constantly functioning
at periods of keeping awake of the organism in the mode of operation 'entry' of its
appropriate signal subsystems. For the perceiving of excitements from receptors of these
organs there are specialised analytical fnl. centres in the cortex, united into
a particular perceiving surface. Primitive fnl. centres of the cerebrum's first signal
subsystem were formed, as we have already mentioned above, with ancient representatives
of the animal world. The role of these centres was to take some or other 'decision', as
a reaction to this or that information-irritation, received from some organ. If the centre
after analysing the information took an incorrect decision, that is initiated an unproper
reaction, then the animal with such a centre sooner or later perished. Only those animals
were surviving, whose centres were giving out 'correct decisions'. By such a formula the
natural selection was and is being fulfilled until nowadays, being the efficacious
mechanism of the evolution. As subsystems of the organism were developing, the perfection
of specialised centres of the first signal subsystem was going on as well, but with the
appearance and perfecting of the second signal subsystem appropriate specialised centres
of the second signal subsystem also appeared and started their development. The
organisational structure of these centres became much more complex in comparison with
centres of the first signal subsystem as the functions being carried out by them became
of a higher order. To the main known centres of the second signal subsystem of the cortex
it is possible to attribute:
a) the speech-motor
centre of Broke, providing the possibility to speak,
b) the auditory-speech centre of Vernike,
providing the possibility to hear and understand someone else's speech,
c) the optic-speech centre of Degerina,
or the centre of reading and comprehension of speech in writing, and others.
In the cerebral cortex it is possible to pick out as well other
areas, or zones (groups of cells, distinguishing themselves by a specific form, size and
structure), the functions of which are linked with these or those psychical manifestations
of the organism. Therefore it is quite natural, that with the formation in due time in the
man's organism of the third, and later of the fourth signal subsystems, appropriate
specialised centres began arising in historically young layers of the frontal lobes of
his cerebrum's cortex, their structure being different to a considerable extent from the
centres of lower signal subsystems. Their main distinction is that their receptors are
situated not in the organs of sense, but in the specialised centres themselves of the
first and second signal subsystems. Owing to this these centres have very short afferent
and efferent fibres, but their number is relatively very great. Specialised centres of the
fourth signal subsystem spatially are located more distantly than centres of the third
signal subsystem and already have their receptors inside the latter ones. Thus, the higher
by its fnl. level a centre is, the more distantly it is situated from the primary fnl.
core of the cerebrum, and in the aggregate all centres constitute some kind of a pyramid
with the top directed downwards. On the very top of this pyramid the centres of the first
signal subsystem are located, regulating the function of the heart, the lungs, the
digestive system etc. These centres, vitally important for the man's organism, are hidden
safer than others in the cerebrum's depth and before all the rest receive nutrition through
the blood. Further to the pyramid's foundation the centres of the second, the third and
finally of the fourth signal subsystems are located.
Besides the difference in structure, the centres of the
highest signal subsystems are somewhat different in their character of functioning.
So, if the centres of the first and the second signal subsystems, operating by the
scheme: 'an irritation
border="0"> the analysis
border="0"> the reaction (a decision)
width="18" border="0"> the action' and possessing practically a ready set of decisions,
spend, as a rule, seconds on the implementation of this psychical algorithm, then in the
centres of the third, but especially of the fourth signal subsystems, hours and days,
but sometimes months and years are spent for each phase. Moreover, many irritations of
the first and the second signal subsystems began to get and be worked over in the centres
of the third, but sometimes even of the fourth signal subsystems. That is why in the
character of functioning of specialised centres of the highest signal subsystems the
processes of the versatile working up of information are prevailing more and more on the
way of its analysis, comparison, estimation of possible decisions as well as of the working
out of new notions, associations and algorithms of action. Thus, the phase of 'associating,
creating' of a notion or a decision, being added into the scheme of centres' functioning,
turned out to be the most energy-consuming and long. Owing to this the functioning of these
centres becomes more and more associative, due to which it is possible to name them with
confidence the associative fnl. centres of the highest signal subsystems.
In accordance with the existing localisation of various centres
of nervous-psychical functions in certain parts of the cortex, its area has divided into
regions, in which the centres are united, that provide the normal functioning of both
the lowest and the highest signal subsystems of the cerebrum. So, apart from a relatively
small perceiving surface of the first signal subsystem, reacting to the most utilitarian
irritations, and a more significant optic-auditory area of the second signal subsystem,
in the process of the evolution of the human being the associative areas of the highest
signal subsystems, piercing more and more all the fnl. depth of the cerebrum, receive more
and more development in the cortex. Owing to this, a considerable part of the cortex begins
to serve as the basis for the man's intellectual-creative associations. Therefore, if with
apes a 1/3 of the surface of the whole cortex is free from direct perception, then with
some people this zone reaches and sometimes even exceeds 2/3.
The localisation of psychical functions reveals itself more
and more distinctly as the evolution of the cerebrum is going. At present more than 100
functionally different centres mainly of the first and the second signal subsystems are
known, running and controlling the going of these or those algorithms of subsystems both
inside the organism and outside it. It is quite natural that there are much more of these
centres due to the fact that, as we have already established, each centre 'serves' only
its own, strictly specific function inside or outside the organism, but there are many
and many hundreds, as it is known, of only outward functions, as all the social-production
activity, taking place around us, consists of some or other functions. But various people
have their own individual set of the cerebrum's centres, which are being reflected in the
personality of each man, his individual spirituality and professional capabilities, in
other words, forming that which usually considered as 'the spirit' of the human being. Due
to it people differ not only by the outward appearance of their face, but also by the inner
cast of mind providing their nervous-psychical ability to diverse functional activity,
being as if carriers of spectrums of the cerebrum's fnl. centres formed in them. So, in
spectrums of some people there are appropriate centres, enabling them to play musical
instruments and even to compose music, others do not have such centres. Some people are
able to learn foreign languages, others not, some can swim, others not, some can ride
a bicycle, others not, some can play chess, others not, some can draw up programs for
computers, others not, some can build houses, others not, etc.
As the evolution of Matter and its motion in quality-time
are going, a further differentiation, specialisation and localisation of functions in the
cerebral cortex of the man occurs, however, their simultaneous integration excludes a
separate functioning of certain areas of the cortex. Owing to this the cortex of the
big hemispheres combines the activity of individual centres into a single whole. In
accordance with requirements of the organisation of Matter more and more new fnl.
centres originate in the associative areas of the cortex, by that materialising the
motion in quality-time at the contemporary stage. Their formation happens from
an innumerable multitude of possible interneuronic connections, among which some tracks
are being singled out gradually, bringing about at first a relatively small number of
communications. Temporary fnl. connections (associations) are fixed the more strongly,
the more frequently they are recurring. They break original disconnection of neurones
and originate the whole ensembles, elements of which can be situated in various parts
of the cortex. As the whole volume of periodic information is being received, in the
cortex of the cerebrum the experience of every day is being fixed, which it is possible
to identify with the knowledge of algorithms and which is being accumulated gradually
from day to day. To its fixation, or to the recording of algorithms, the well-adjusted
mechanism of memory, especially of the long duration one, is assisting.
As it is known, in the basis of this mechanism there are
biochemical reactions, changing the structure of RNA, which is reflected on the
bioelectric conductivity by the cell of these or those impulses, their generation and
fading out. With the mechanism of memory our 'Ego', that is the self-consciousness,
is linked. The storage and recalling of the information is one of the most important
functions of the cerebral cortex. With the man the operational, of short duration and
of long duration memories are distinguished. The operational memory, based mostly on
biophysical phenomena, can keep a small quantity of information for some minutes.
The subsystem of the memory of short duration keeps information with the time of
half-desintegration of the biochemical recordings on average about 12 hours, that is
after this period of time the man is able to recall only a half of the information
received by him. And only the memory of long duration is able to keep biotraces of
the information received before for several tens of years, however, the level of recall
of this information is rather low and does not exceed on average 5%. That is why, starting
from a certain historic moment with the appearance of highly organised hyperorganisms,
which possessed high-complex algorithms, the systemic development itself compelled the
man to use more and more often the way of storage of algorithms-recordings and other
information in the written form, which moreover is convenient also, that it can be used
simultaneously or in turn by several fng. units - people. Further development of the
organisation of hyperorganisms required some more capacious storage of information, a
more rapid way of its recording and recalling as well as a more convenient access to
it. Therefore the attraction to the working up of information the memory capacity of
electronic computers with their colossal possibilities increased some more the fund
of algorithms and the coefficient of its fnl. use.
The localisation of fnl. centres in the cerebral cortex is
not by chance just so, as it does not remain without leaving a trace. The structural
specialisation of fnl. abilities of subsystems of the cortex is recorded genetically and
is handing down from generation to generation, while the nervous cells, forming this or
that centre, keep their ability exactly to a given kind of functioning. Owing to this
there are areas in the cortex, which from 'the birth' are predestined for the analytical
and synthetic working up of information, coming in from without. These are projecting
centres of excitability. Their fnl. predestination depends on a place of entry into the
cortex of projecting fibres of bellow-laid parts of the nervous system. Around these
centres the areas are disposed, where the results of associations are being fixed mainly
at the expense of the elements of a given centre; slightly further the areas of the
cortex are disposed, in which results of associations between centres of various fnl.
significance are being secured.
The ability to make associations in areas, situated outside
the projecting centres of excitability, depends on the individual structure of the cortex
expanding according to a genorecording heredited by the organism as well as from the
experience gained after-wards. That is why these areas cannot be totally identical in
various people and entirely depend on their individual genoheredity and phenodevelopment.
Owing to this the capacity for localisation of newly acquired centres also differs among
various people and even during the life of a man it is altering depending on the changes
of psychical-physiological factors. Such centres as 'organising',
'inventiveness', 'compositional creativity' and many others ought to be
attributed to the number of localised associative centres of the highest signal subsystems
of the cerebrum, at the same time each centre has its own specialised irritants, analysers,
associators and other sections similar to them. The analysis of the evolution of the
highest signal subsystems' structure and its extrapolation show, that in future in the
cerebral cortex mainly those layers and areas will receive a further development, which
are predestined mostly for the formation of newer and newer associative centres, as the
number of such centres will continue to grow with simultaneous increase in the aggregate
spectrum of comprehended functions of the hypersystemic level.
At the same time, the rapid localisation of the bigger and
bigger number of associative fnl. centres in the cortex is not accompanied simultaneously
by appropriate alterations of biophysiological parameters of the man's organism. For this
reason a strictly limited quantity of oxygen and nutrition, taking part in metabolic
processes going in the cerebrum, come into it. The existing subsystem of supply is unable
to provide simultaneous active functioning of one hundred and more centres of excitement
at once, and it is difficult even to imagine a result of their joint work. Owing to this,
the work of the cortex's centres is being coordinated in such a way, that at any given
moment of time only a few of them function simultaneously. All the others are inhibited,
reactively passive and consume nutrition and oxygen in the most minimum of quantities.
If it is necessary, a part of inhibited centres can be excited, but at the same time the
excitement goes out of a part of the centres that were functioning before. The above
coordination underlay, a so named 'roving centre of heed', functioning in each
cerebrum, which is keeping order so that at every given moment a strictly limited set
of the cortex's centres is in the mode of active functioning and all the others remain
in the inhibited state.
It is possible to compare the action of the roving centre of heed
in connecting in turn centres of the cerebral cortex to active functioning with playing of
the piano, when a musician presses in turn by five-ten fingers now one, now another set of
piano-keys to select an appropriate gamut of sounds which reconstitute a marvellous melody.
If he presses simultaneously more than fifty keys, we would hear nothing harmonious. It is
possible to observe the same in the cerebral cortex, where bioelectric impulses of currents
of diverse magnitude are overflowing soundlessly along communications of neurone's
ensembles of various sets of fnl. centres of signal subsystems, initiating all the
diversity of activity of the multimilliardth human civilisation over thousands of years.
As the fnl. differentiation and hypersystemic integration take
place, in the cerebral cortex of every man depending on a fnl. cell, in which he is
functioning as a fng. unit, some certain gamut of centres is being excited much more
often than the others. Its active use, but that also means a more intensified nutrition
gives the cells of its centres an advantage in development with respect to cells of other
centres, being permanently in the inhibited condition. The genetic heredity to posterity
the structure of organism hands down also this specific difference in fnl. nuances of
signal subsystems of the cerebrum, fixed afterwards in the process of the phenodevelopment
of an organism. That is why someone of five years old already plays the violin perfectly,
others over hours do something, ignoring their friends of the same age playing with a ball,
the third ones like drawing, someone else, having good hearing and voice, sings songs
uncommonly well, and so on. Thus, already in children's games it is possible to trace fnl.
versatility of people, inherited genetically. With age it becomes much more considerable.
Yet I.P. Pavlov singled out among the variety of the human
behaviour four different types of psychical temperaments, which afterwards began to
be named as sanguine, phlegmatic, choleric and melancholy. Still earlier an original
differentiation of functional abilities and psychophysiological distinction of people
depending on the month and the year of their birth were noticed in countries of the
ancient East (China, Japan) and therefore a keen interest is being taken until now in
horoscopes by the Eastern calendar. In reality the phenogenetic classification of human
individuals, which is still to be made up in prospect, is far wider, though on man's
outward appearance it reflects in no way and that creates in people's notion the
impression (or an illusion) of fnl. equivalentness of all human organisms and causes a
certain muddle while filling in fnl. cells of hyperorganisms with fng. units. The correct
understanding and soonest practical use of fnl. peculiarities of the cerebrum of each
individual with the help of the functional-psychological classification of man's types
made up in full volume would have a great effect on improvement on both the
social-economic and the private life of people of any hyperorganism (from an amelioration
of quality of functioning in every fnl. cell of fnl. pyramids of hyperorganisms to
a reduction of the number of divorces).
As we have already noted earlier, the genetic coding of fnl.
abilities of fng. units - people to the implementation of a certain row of specific fnl.
algorithms had resulted with time in the appearance of their sharply expressed genetic
heterogeneity, that is to an unidentical ability to implement these or those fnl.
algorithms. By now the genetic non-uniformity corrected by the phenotypic imposition
(that is by an experience and knowledge gained during the life of an individual) has
reached such a straggle that all human diversity can be already safely divided as a
minimum into three varieties of people (though possibly five and more), absolutely
different intrinsically (inside the hemispheres of the cerebrum of each individual
only!), but outwardly differing practically by nothing:
1. The individuals
phenogenetically of the highest category.
Here we can attribute all creative people with a highly
developed intellect who have also received a good combination of portions of the
phenogenofund, that is a good heredity plus an excellent upbringing and education,
and who are mentally healthy. They are the carriers of many-sided spectrums of
specialised centres of all four signal subsystems of the cerebral cortex, but first
of all of its associative centres. One or several associative centres of their spectrums,
as a rule, are developed extraordinarily. They have a high culture and morals. Exactly
such individuals replenish the rows of the creative intelligentsia; in the midst of them
are born outstanding scientists and statesmen, organisers and inventors, famous writers,
poets and active politicians, well-known actors and film producers, journalists, doctors,
big businessmen, artists, composers, distinguished military leaders, etc. It is the most
beneficial for society that individuals of this category should occupy fnl. cells at
upper parts of hypersystemic pyramids.
2. The individuals
phenogenetically of the medium category.
Here we can attribute executive people with a middling developed
intellect who have also a mediocre combination of portions of the phenogenofund, that is
a good heredity plus poor upbringing and education, or a bad heredity plus good upbringing
and education. Their spectrum of specialised centres is much more scanty and the centres
themselves are much more ordinary, than those of the previous group. A deficiency of
associative centres is above all felt. Such individuals are better for the roles of
executors, therefore they supplement mainly the rows of the technical intelligentsia;
from the midst of them ordinary engineers, technicians, functionaries, doctors, teachers,
employers, workers, musicians, mediocre writers, servicemen, farmers and so on emerge.
Owing to this, fnl. cells of middle and low parts of hypersystemic pyramids ought to be
filled in exactly with them.
3. The individuals
phenogenetically of the lowest category.
Here we can attribute all people with a poorly developed or
under-developed intellect who have received the worst combination of portions of the
phenogenofund, that is a bad heredity plus poor upbringing and education. These people
are often mentally unbalanced, but sometimes simply have mental deviations. In rather
narrow spectrums of their specialised centres in contradistinction to two previous groups
only centres of the first signal subsystem mainly prevail, the others are in an undeveloped
state or not present at all. Their culture, morals and standards of behaviour are usually
at the comparatively lowest level and often are accompanied by one or several vices. These
individuals cannot join normally any systemic formation and therefore supplement the rows
of negligent workmen, low-skilled labour force, just primitive people, but before all, of
various criminals, terrorists, alcoholics, racketeers, thieves, bribe-takers, rapists,
murderers, simply mentally abnormal individuals (danger categories of schizophrenics,
drug addicts, fanatics, maniacs and so on), etc. Bearing this in mind, society is obliged
to take individuals of this category under particular control, to place them into specially
isolated fnl. cells. Otherwise society may find itself as their hostage or, much worse,
draw nearer to the verge of its collapse.
From the history we know that both the second and the third
categories of people are inclined to unification. So, the second one is uniting into trade
unions, parties, etc. As for unifications of people of the third category such ones ought
to be attributed as gangs, bands, Mafias, sects and so on. The first one, the highest
category of people, owing to their paucity and specific character of functioning,
practically does not know mass unifications. The most danger and unpredictability
constitute unifications formed from representatives of both the lowest categories.
Society, as a rule, is fighting with people of the third
category, isolating them from the first two ones and forcing to function in the mode
of operation of the second category, but sometimes simply mortifying them. Society has
to do that to remain robust. In situations when representatives of the third, the lowest
category, start to penetrate into fnl. cells up along the vertical of fnl. social pyramids,
a lingering indisposition, but sometimes also an extreme danger threatens society. That is
why the struggle for democracy and human rights should be carried on taking into account
all above named factors, otherwise maniacs and schizophrenics, idlers and thieves will
always have the same rights and privileges as workers and farmers, inventors and doctors,
or worse than that, be their managers.
In each country the entire population divides obligatorily
into these minimum three varieties of people and the higher a percentage of people of
the highest categories lives in it, the more highly developed a given country can be
considered (compare Austria, Sweden and Germany, on the one hand, and Guinea, Nigeria
and Afghanistan, on the other hand). Those countries, in the social spectrum of which
an appreciable part of the people occupy, attributed to the individuals phenogenetically
of the lowest category, with the tendency towards an increase of this part, it is possible
with confidence to rank among countries becoming gradually degraded. The time will come
when each nation and country will be receiving periodically a comparative estimation of
the level of its aggregate intellectual development, which will depend on the size of
shares in its social spectrum being occupied by each of categories of individuals.
So then, regarding with which exact phenogenofund and temperament
a fng. unit - individual occupies a given fnl. cell, the efficiency of implementation of
appropriate algorithms as well as the keeping up of contacts with fng. units of related
fnl. cells depend on in many respects. At the present-day hypersystemic organisation a
paramount importance should be attached to this factor, meanwhile the higher a fnl. cell
is situated in the hierarchy of fnl. pyramids, the more requirements a fng. unit filling
in it should meet, in the phenogenofund of which an appropriate spectrum of associative
centres of the highest signal subsystem of his cerebrum should be traced distinctly, and
in the first instance, those responsible for 'the organising creativity'. The
communicability of this fng. unit should be appropriate as well.
The motion of Matter in quality-time entails,
as we have established, a permanent augmentation of new functions
(
).
At the present level of the Evolution this in its turn is leading to the complication
of the hypersystemic organisation of human society, at which more and more functions
fall on fnl. cells of the pyramids' tops. For the effective implementation of these
multiplying functions fng. units with a wider and wider spectrum of associative centres
of the cerebral cortex begin to be required. It is quite natural that it becomes more
and more intricate to pick such individuals. Therefore, recently the cases began to occur
more and more often, when in a fnl. cell several fng. units are being combined, whose
diverse sets of the cortex's associative centres mutually complement one another,
providing the need for a more comprehensive spectrum. The correct combination of the
cerebra's fnl. abilities of several fng. units with various associative centres became
the basis of the activity of 'collective leadership' of hyperorganisms' development,
forming almost their 'collective brain' or a superbrain. As samples to
that can serve first of all a family council, a council of elders, a board of directors,
an academic council, the State Council, the European Council, the UN Security Council
and so on. The further perfection of this process will be the best combination of
associative centres of fng. units, being included into organs of collective government,
in the aggregate spectrum of any super brain being formed, therefore the selection
of candidates into each fnl. cell of any council by individual intellectual
capabilities ought to be particularly thorough and not casual.
It is quite natural that establishment of individual contacts
for the sake of mutual understanding takes, as a rule, a relatively long period of time,
which is practically very difficult to realise in the process of active public functioning,
especially in fnl. cells of the highest level, due to an objective scantiness of time.
Therefore in some high-organised hypersystems the 'block method' of replacement of fng.
units, picked by the principle of mutual complementation, began to be used more and more
in fnl. cells of the top of a government pyramid. So, in the USA and other countries,
while taking the post a newly elected president replaces the whole 'team' of fng. units
of the administration in the upper level of the leadership. In Great Britain apart from
the acting cabinet of ministers there is always a well-adjusted 'shadow' cabinet of the
opposition ready for public activity. And so on...
The evolution of hyperorganisms, as we know, did not finish at
the creation of the organisational structure of present-day states. As a result of the
activation of this process the tendency to a bigger geosystemic integration was outlined
recently, at which already states themselves as fng. units began to fill in fnl. cells
of newly created superhyperorganisms. Starting from military coordination, this process
is taking in more and more also the economic life, assisting in the arising of such
superhyperunions as NATO, the European Economic Community, North American Economic Union,
OPEC, etc. As examples of geosystemic formations of the highest for today organisational
level L the European Union and the UNO ought to be considered.
At the same time the process of further integration of the
joint human Mind (so named the noosphere or the Supermind) and
self-consciousness, mainly through the mass media, is continuing gradually as well. In
the basis of their mechanisms there is the formation of specific associative centres in
the cerebra of a bigger and bigger number of individuals of all Humanity, equally tuned
in to realising general problems and searching for their solutions. The more and more
active functioning of the Supermind permits the opportunity of a rise in the level of
problems being considered, as the possibilities of re-combinations in it are practically
endless. The noosphere contains also all the information accumulated by mankind during
the whole period of its development. Such familiar objects as the aggregate individual
memory, textbooks, libraries, archives, museums and so on should be considered as
elements of the noosphere.
Thus, Humanity realises itself more and more as a single
world Society. Therefore the time should come very soon when a single world
Parliament and a single world Government, created, for example on the base of
the UNO, leaning for support in their activity on the Supreme Council of Experts
(the collective scientific Mind, formed from a group of leading scientists from various
countries) will be in charge of all processes within the limits of the Earth's
civilisation. Exactly these organs of a supreme world governing, on the recommendations
of the Supreme Council of Experts, will determine an optimal number and regulate the
growth of the population on our planet, proceeding from the needs and possibilities of
Humanity itself. Its numbers already now exceeds five and a half billion people, which
means that only to feed all of them more than 5 million tons of various high-nutritious
foodstuffs and as much again of clean drinking water is required every day. Precisely
this world governing body will take care of the problems of the reduction of still
increasing death-bringing ozone holes in the stratosphere and the augmentation of the
fecund humus layer of the soil as well as of afforestations, producing oxygen. It should
be involved in the burial of nuclear wastes in a most reasonable way and the struggle
with pollution of the sea and oceans as well as of the Earth's atmosphere. Exactly it
should organise the struggle with international crime and terrorism, other mental
deviations and manifestations, assisting at the same time the propagation everywhere
of high-level upbringing and education of human individuals as the main method of the
aggregate cutting down of the share of individuals of the lowest category in the limits
of the entire Humanity, etc.
But where is the limit of the systemic integration of Matter
itself seen? As a reply to this question it is necessary to emphasise once again that
all of us are still staying on one of the smallest islets - the Earth, surrounded by the
boundless space of the Universe, into which Humanity fastens unwittingly more and more
often their gazes. It is really so that as the theatre of the deployment of structures
of the latest organisational levels of Matter it should be considered (since we have no
other information) the surface of the Earth...
But already space ships have breached this spatial isolation in
the timid search of other civilisations or in initial attempts of detaching from our own.
And this is only the beginning of a NEW PERIOD (the period of extrasuperhyperorganisation
in the limits of the visible in the future motion of the evolving Matter along the
conceptual organisational level M).
There is no doubt that Man has appeared as a result of the
motion in quality along one of perspective branches of the Evolution of Matter,
at which the further organising part is falling more and more on the highest signal
subsystems of his Cerebrum. However, apart from the perfection of the systemic
organisation of superhyperorganisms he should take no less care also of the environment
(that is not to cut the bough on which he has grown up), and also of keeping a reasonable
balance of his numbers, which should be adjusted in accordance with the dynamics of a
required quantity of hyperorganisms' fnl. cells and of the ability of this or that group
of the population to feed themselves in recommended norms as well as to receive a
necessary for the present-day level of life upbringing and education. On how reasonably
and rationally he will be doing it, the question depends, if our branch of the Evolution
of Matter is a deadlock. Anyhow, nobody should forget, that the overwhelming majority of
the present civilisation lives in areas of hypersystemic degradation and is attributed to
individuals of the lowest category, and also that Humanity already possesses a multiple
possibility of destroying itself. It is enough to press a few buttons... And all that
depends not on some abstract man, but on concrete people, occupying at present these or
those fnl. cells of existing hyperorganisms, on us with you. Therefore, each person is
obliged during his life to develop and keep up his capabilities, knowledge and skill, in
order to have the highest possible intellectual potential and correspond at a maximum to
the present-day level of development of the advanced part of society, and then to the
progress of evolution of Matter as a whole.
In our contemporary world we are the witnesses of the constant
polarisation of hypersystemic relations. Until Humanity remains isolated in the limits of
the Earth, the factor of systems' bipolarity, always assisting in a spatial division of
the energetic centre from the entropic one, will be acting apart from our will, leaving
the hyperorganisms situated in the limits of action of the entropic centre to live more
modestly, than more organisationally perfect hyperorganisms of the energetic centre.
Nevertheless, the state of homeostasis of each hypersystem and its functional perspectivity
entirely depends on the coefficient of fnl. efficiency of systemic organisation, examined
by us, the growth of which is pre-determined by the existence of Matter itself. Logic says
that it should be higher with hyperorganisms of the fourth type, but it will not grow by
itself - everyone should be persistently striving for this.
Standing on the top of the whole past
time, Man, acquiring a bigger and bigger capacity for abstract thinking,
glances also at a visible future. But he should remember permanently
that the period of his active creative functioning is at the present.
Igor I. Kondrashin - Dialectics of Matter (Preface)
fibres. In such a system an excitement can be extended in all directions, both from an
afferent fibre to an efferent one and vice versa, though in each link the impulses of
excitement go only in one direction: the dendrite
height="15" width="19" border="0"> the body of a cell
height="15" width="19" border="0"> the axon
width="19" border="0"> the synapse
width="19" border="0"> the dendrite and so on. All closed chains and other connectionsof neurones are surrounded by a thick circuit of nervous sprouts, coming away from the
cells participating in nervous circles, forming the neuropile, the structure of which
numerous cells with short axons and much ramified dendrites also form. The
neurone-neuropile structure of the cerebral cortex does not resemble similar formations
in other parts of the nervous system; it is more developed, more highly organised and
is destined for the implementation of the most complex functions of the cerebral cortex
connected with the operating of the first, second, third and fourth signal subsystems,
responsible for the normal functioning of the organism itself, his stay in conditions of
environment, his interrelations with other people, his functioning as a fng. unit in some
fnl. cell of fnl. pyramids of the society as well as for the content of his inner world,
that is his capacity for perception, imagination, the formation of notions, images and
finally creativity.
The cerebrum receives the information about the environment and
the character of interaction with it through six organs of sense (eyesight, hearing, scent,
touch, taste and the perceiving part of skin-muscular irritations), constantly functioning
at periods of keeping awake of the organism in the mode of operation 'entry' of its
appropriate signal subsystems. For the perceiving of excitements from receptors of these
organs there are specialised analytical fnl. centres in the cortex, united into
a particular perceiving surface. Primitive fnl. centres of the cerebrum's first signal
subsystem were formed, as we have already mentioned above, with ancient representatives
of the animal world. The role of these centres was to take some or other 'decision', as
a reaction to this or that information-irritation, received from some organ. If the centre
after analysing the information took an incorrect decision, that is initiated an unproper
reaction, then the animal with such a centre sooner or later perished. Only those animals
were surviving, whose centres were giving out 'correct decisions'. By such a formula the
natural selection was and is being fulfilled until nowadays, being the efficacious
mechanism of the evolution. As subsystems of the organism were developing, the perfection
of specialised centres of the first signal subsystem was going on as well, but with the
appearance and perfecting of the second signal subsystem appropriate specialised centres
of the second signal subsystem also appeared and started their development. The
organisational structure of these centres became much more complex in comparison with
centres of the first signal subsystem as the functions being carried out by them became
of a higher order. To the main known centres of the second signal subsystem of the cortex
it is possible to attribute:
a) the speech-motor
centre of Broke, providing the possibility to speak,
providing the possibility to hear and understand someone else's speech,
or the centre of reading and comprehension of speech in writing, and others.
In the cerebral cortex it is possible to pick out as well other
areas, or zones (groups of cells, distinguishing themselves by a specific form, size and
structure), the functions of which are linked with these or those psychical manifestations
of the organism. Therefore it is quite natural, that with the formation in due time in the
man's organism of the third, and later of the fourth signal subsystems, appropriate
specialised centres began arising in historically young layers of the frontal lobes of
his cerebrum's cortex, their structure being different to a considerable extent from the
centres of lower signal subsystems. Their main distinction is that their receptors are
situated not in the organs of sense, but in the specialised centres themselves of the
first and second signal subsystems. Owing to this these centres have very short afferent
and efferent fibres, but their number is relatively very great. Specialised centres of the
fourth signal subsystem spatially are located more distantly than centres of the third
signal subsystem and already have their receptors inside the latter ones. Thus, the higher
by its fnl. level a centre is, the more distantly it is situated from the primary fnl.
core of the cerebrum, and in the aggregate all centres constitute some kind of a pyramid
with the top directed downwards. On the very top of this pyramid the centres of the first
signal subsystem are located, regulating the function of the heart, the lungs, the
digestive system etc. These centres, vitally important for the man's organism, are hidden
safer than others in the cerebrum's depth and before all the rest receive nutrition through
the blood. Further to the pyramid's foundation the centres of the second, the third and
finally of the fourth signal subsystems are located.
Besides the difference in structure, the centres of the
highest signal subsystems are somewhat different in their character of functioning.
So, if the centres of the first and the second signal subsystems, operating by the
scheme: 'an irritation
border="0"> the analysis
border="0"> the reaction (a decision)
width="18" border="0"> the action' and possessing practically a ready set of decisions,spend, as a rule, seconds on the implementation of this psychical algorithm, then in the
centres of the third, but especially of the fourth signal subsystems, hours and days,
but sometimes months and years are spent for each phase. Moreover, many irritations of
the first and the second signal subsystems began to get and be worked over in the centres
of the third, but sometimes even of the fourth signal subsystems. That is why in the
character of functioning of specialised centres of the highest signal subsystems the
processes of the versatile working up of information are prevailing more and more on the
way of its analysis, comparison, estimation of possible decisions as well as of the working
out of new notions, associations and algorithms of action. Thus, the phase of 'associating,
creating' of a notion or a decision, being added into the scheme of centres' functioning,
turned out to be the most energy-consuming and long. Owing to this the functioning of these
centres becomes more and more associative, due to which it is possible to name them with
confidence the associative fnl. centres of the highest signal subsystems.
In accordance with the existing localisation of various centres
of nervous-psychical functions in certain parts of the cortex, its area has divided into
regions, in which the centres are united, that provide the normal functioning of both
the lowest and the highest signal subsystems of the cerebrum. So, apart from a relatively
small perceiving surface of the first signal subsystem, reacting to the most utilitarian
irritations, and a more significant optic-auditory area of the second signal subsystem,
in the process of the evolution of the human being the associative areas of the highest
signal subsystems, piercing more and more all the fnl. depth of the cerebrum, receive more
and more development in the cortex. Owing to this, a considerable part of the cortex begins
to serve as the basis for the man's intellectual-creative associations. Therefore, if with
apes a 1/3 of the surface of the whole cortex is free from direct perception, then with
some people this zone reaches and sometimes even exceeds 2/3.
The localisation of psychical functions reveals itself more
and more distinctly as the evolution of the cerebrum is going. At present more than 100
functionally different centres mainly of the first and the second signal subsystems are
known, running and controlling the going of these or those algorithms of subsystems both
inside the organism and outside it. It is quite natural that there are much more of these
centres due to the fact that, as we have already established, each centre 'serves' only
its own, strictly specific function inside or outside the organism, but there are many
and many hundreds, as it is known, of only outward functions, as all the social-production
activity, taking place around us, consists of some or other functions. But various people
have their own individual set of the cerebrum's centres, which are being reflected in the
personality of each man, his individual spirituality and professional capabilities, in
other words, forming that which usually considered as 'the spirit' of the human being. Due
to it people differ not only by the outward appearance of their face, but also by the inner
cast of mind providing their nervous-psychical ability to diverse functional activity,
being as if carriers of spectrums of the cerebrum's fnl. centres formed in them. So, in
spectrums of some people there are appropriate centres, enabling them to play musical
instruments and even to compose music, others do not have such centres. Some people are
able to learn foreign languages, others not, some can swim, others not, some can ride
a bicycle, others not, some can play chess, others not, some can draw up programs for
computers, others not, some can build houses, others not, etc.
As the evolution of Matter and its motion in quality-time
are going, a further differentiation, specialisation and localisation of functions in the
cerebral cortex of the man occurs, however, their simultaneous integration excludes a
separate functioning of certain areas of the cortex. Owing to this the cortex of the
big hemispheres combines the activity of individual centres into a single whole. In
accordance with requirements of the organisation of Matter more and more new fnl.
centres originate in the associative areas of the cortex, by that materialising the
motion in quality-time at the contemporary stage. Their formation happens from
an innumerable multitude of possible interneuronic connections, among which some tracks
are being singled out gradually, bringing about at first a relatively small number of
communications. Temporary fnl. connections (associations) are fixed the more strongly,
the more frequently they are recurring. They break original disconnection of neurones
and originate the whole ensembles, elements of which can be situated in various parts
of the cortex. As the whole volume of periodic information is being received, in the
cortex of the cerebrum the experience of every day is being fixed, which it is possible
to identify with the knowledge of algorithms and which is being accumulated gradually
from day to day. To its fixation, or to the recording of algorithms, the well-adjusted
mechanism of memory, especially of the long duration one, is assisting.
As it is known, in the basis of this mechanism there are
biochemical reactions, changing the structure of RNA, which is reflected on the
bioelectric conductivity by the cell of these or those impulses, their generation and
fading out. With the mechanism of memory our 'Ego', that is the self-consciousness,
is linked. The storage and recalling of the information is one of the most important
functions of the cerebral cortex. With the man the operational, of short duration and
of long duration memories are distinguished. The operational memory, based mostly on
biophysical phenomena, can keep a small quantity of information for some minutes.
The subsystem of the memory of short duration keeps information with the time of
half-desintegration of the biochemical recordings on average about 12 hours, that is
after this period of time the man is able to recall only a half of the information
received by him. And only the memory of long duration is able to keep biotraces of
the information received before for several tens of years, however, the level of recall
of this information is rather low and does not exceed on average 5%. That is why, starting
from a certain historic moment with the appearance of highly organised hyperorganisms,
which possessed high-complex algorithms, the systemic development itself compelled the
man to use more and more often the way of storage of algorithms-recordings and other
information in the written form, which moreover is convenient also, that it can be used
simultaneously or in turn by several fng. units - people. Further development of the
organisation of hyperorganisms required some more capacious storage of information, a
more rapid way of its recording and recalling as well as a more convenient access to
it. Therefore the attraction to the working up of information the memory capacity of
electronic computers with their colossal possibilities increased some more the fund
of algorithms and the coefficient of its fnl. use.
The localisation of fnl. centres in the cerebral cortex is
not by chance just so, as it does not remain without leaving a trace. The structural
specialisation of fnl. abilities of subsystems of the cortex is recorded genetically and
is handing down from generation to generation, while the nervous cells, forming this or
that centre, keep their ability exactly to a given kind of functioning. Owing to this
there are areas in the cortex, which from 'the birth' are predestined for the analytical
and synthetic working up of information, coming in from without. These are projecting
centres of excitability. Their fnl. predestination depends on a place of entry into the
cortex of projecting fibres of bellow-laid parts of the nervous system. Around these
centres the areas are disposed, where the results of associations are being fixed mainly
at the expense of the elements of a given centre; slightly further the areas of the
cortex are disposed, in which results of associations between centres of various fnl.
significance are being secured.
The ability to make associations in areas, situated outside
the projecting centres of excitability, depends on the individual structure of the cortex
expanding according to a genorecording heredited by the organism as well as from the
experience gained after-wards. That is why these areas cannot be totally identical in
various people and entirely depend on their individual genoheredity and phenodevelopment.
Owing to this the capacity for localisation of newly acquired centres also differs among
various people and even during the life of a man it is altering depending on the changes
of psychical-physiological factors. Such centres as 'organising',
'inventiveness', 'compositional creativity' and many others ought to be
attributed to the number of localised associative centres of the highest signal subsystems
of the cerebrum, at the same time each centre has its own specialised irritants, analysers,
associators and other sections similar to them. The analysis of the evolution of the
highest signal subsystems' structure and its extrapolation show, that in future in the
cerebral cortex mainly those layers and areas will receive a further development, which
are predestined mostly for the formation of newer and newer associative centres, as the
number of such centres will continue to grow with simultaneous increase in the aggregate
spectrum of comprehended functions of the hypersystemic level.
At the same time, the rapid localisation of the bigger and
bigger number of associative fnl. centres in the cortex is not accompanied simultaneously
by appropriate alterations of biophysiological parameters of the man's organism. For this
reason a strictly limited quantity of oxygen and nutrition, taking part in metabolic
processes going in the cerebrum, come into it. The existing subsystem of supply is unable
to provide simultaneous active functioning of one hundred and more centres of excitement
at once, and it is difficult even to imagine a result of their joint work. Owing to this,
the work of the cortex's centres is being coordinated in such a way, that at any given
moment of time only a few of them function simultaneously. All the others are inhibited,
reactively passive and consume nutrition and oxygen in the most minimum of quantities.
If it is necessary, a part of inhibited centres can be excited, but at the same time the
excitement goes out of a part of the centres that were functioning before. The above
coordination underlay, a so named 'roving centre of heed', functioning in each
cerebrum, which is keeping order so that at every given moment a strictly limited set
of the cortex's centres is in the mode of active functioning and all the others remain
in the inhibited state.
It is possible to compare the action of the roving centre of heed
in connecting in turn centres of the cerebral cortex to active functioning with playing of
the piano, when a musician presses in turn by five-ten fingers now one, now another set of
piano-keys to select an appropriate gamut of sounds which reconstitute a marvellous melody.
If he presses simultaneously more than fifty keys, we would hear nothing harmonious. It is
possible to observe the same in the cerebral cortex, where bioelectric impulses of currents
of diverse magnitude are overflowing soundlessly along communications of neurone's
ensembles of various sets of fnl. centres of signal subsystems, initiating all the
diversity of activity of the multimilliardth human civilisation over thousands of years.
As the fnl. differentiation and hypersystemic integration take
place, in the cerebral cortex of every man depending on a fnl. cell, in which he is
functioning as a fng. unit, some certain gamut of centres is being excited much more
often than the others. Its active use, but that also means a more intensified nutrition
gives the cells of its centres an advantage in development with respect to cells of other
centres, being permanently in the inhibited condition. The genetic heredity to posterity
the structure of organism hands down also this specific difference in fnl. nuances of
signal subsystems of the cerebrum, fixed afterwards in the process of the phenodevelopment
of an organism. That is why someone of five years old already plays the violin perfectly,
others over hours do something, ignoring their friends of the same age playing with a ball,
the third ones like drawing, someone else, having good hearing and voice, sings songs
uncommonly well, and so on. Thus, already in children's games it is possible to trace fnl.
versatility of people, inherited genetically. With age it becomes much more considerable.
Yet I.P. Pavlov singled out among the variety of the human
behaviour four different types of psychical temperaments, which afterwards began to
be named as sanguine, phlegmatic, choleric and melancholy. Still earlier an original
differentiation of functional abilities and psychophysiological distinction of people
depending on the month and the year of their birth were noticed in countries of the
ancient East (China, Japan) and therefore a keen interest is being taken until now in
horoscopes by the Eastern calendar. In reality the phenogenetic classification of human
individuals, which is still to be made up in prospect, is far wider, though on man's
outward appearance it reflects in no way and that creates in people's notion the
impression (or an illusion) of fnl. equivalentness of all human organisms and causes a
certain muddle while filling in fnl. cells of hyperorganisms with fng. units. The correct
understanding and soonest practical use of fnl. peculiarities of the cerebrum of each
individual with the help of the functional-psychological classification of man's types
made up in full volume would have a great effect on improvement on both the
social-economic and the private life of people of any hyperorganism (from an amelioration
of quality of functioning in every fnl. cell of fnl. pyramids of hyperorganisms to
a reduction of the number of divorces).
As we have already noted earlier, the genetic coding of fnl.
abilities of fng. units - people to the implementation of a certain row of specific fnl.
algorithms had resulted with time in the appearance of their sharply expressed genetic
heterogeneity, that is to an unidentical ability to implement these or those fnl.
algorithms. By now the genetic non-uniformity corrected by the phenotypic imposition
(that is by an experience and knowledge gained during the life of an individual) has
reached such a straggle that all human diversity can be already safely divided as a
minimum into three varieties of people (though possibly five and more), absolutely
different intrinsically (inside the hemispheres of the cerebrum of each individual
only!), but outwardly differing practically by nothing:
1. The individuals
phenogenetically of the highest category.
developed intellect who have also received a good combination of portions of the
phenogenofund, that is a good heredity plus an excellent upbringing and education,
and who are mentally healthy. They are the carriers of many-sided spectrums of
specialised centres of all four signal subsystems of the cerebral cortex, but first
of all of its associative centres. One or several associative centres of their spectrums,
as a rule, are developed extraordinarily. They have a high culture and morals. Exactly
such individuals replenish the rows of the creative intelligentsia; in the midst of them
are born outstanding scientists and statesmen, organisers and inventors, famous writers,
poets and active politicians, well-known actors and film producers, journalists, doctors,
big businessmen, artists, composers, distinguished military leaders, etc. It is the most
beneficial for society that individuals of this category should occupy fnl. cells at
upper parts of hypersystemic pyramids.
2. The individuals
phenogenetically of the medium category.
intellect who have also a mediocre combination of portions of the phenogenofund, that is
a good heredity plus poor upbringing and education, or a bad heredity plus good upbringing
and education. Their spectrum of specialised centres is much more scanty and the centres
themselves are much more ordinary, than those of the previous group. A deficiency of
associative centres is above all felt. Such individuals are better for the roles of
executors, therefore they supplement mainly the rows of the technical intelligentsia;
from the midst of them ordinary engineers, technicians, functionaries, doctors, teachers,
employers, workers, musicians, mediocre writers, servicemen, farmers and so on emerge.
Owing to this, fnl. cells of middle and low parts of hypersystemic pyramids ought to be
filled in exactly with them.
3. The individuals
phenogenetically of the lowest category.
under-developed intellect who have received the worst combination of portions of the
phenogenofund, that is a bad heredity plus poor upbringing and education. These people
are often mentally unbalanced, but sometimes simply have mental deviations. In rather
narrow spectrums of their specialised centres in contradistinction to two previous groups
only centres of the first signal subsystem mainly prevail, the others are in an undeveloped
state or not present at all. Their culture, morals and standards of behaviour are usually
at the comparatively lowest level and often are accompanied by one or several vices. These
individuals cannot join normally any systemic formation and therefore supplement the rows
of negligent workmen, low-skilled labour force, just primitive people, but before all, of
various criminals, terrorists, alcoholics, racketeers, thieves, bribe-takers, rapists,
murderers, simply mentally abnormal individuals (danger categories of schizophrenics,
drug addicts, fanatics, maniacs and so on), etc. Bearing this in mind, society is obliged
to take individuals of this category under particular control, to place them into specially
isolated fnl. cells. Otherwise society may find itself as their hostage or, much worse,
draw nearer to the verge of its collapse.
From the history we know that both the second and the third
categories of people are inclined to unification. So, the second one is uniting into trade
unions, parties, etc. As for unifications of people of the third category such ones ought
to be attributed as gangs, bands, Mafias, sects and so on. The first one, the highest
category of people, owing to their paucity and specific character of functioning,
practically does not know mass unifications. The most danger and unpredictability
constitute unifications formed from representatives of both the lowest categories.
Society, as a rule, is fighting with people of the third
category, isolating them from the first two ones and forcing to function in the mode
of operation of the second category, but sometimes simply mortifying them. Society has
to do that to remain robust. In situations when representatives of the third, the lowest
category, start to penetrate into fnl. cells up along the vertical of fnl. social pyramids,
a lingering indisposition, but sometimes also an extreme danger threatens society. That is
why the struggle for democracy and human rights should be carried on taking into account
all above named factors, otherwise maniacs and schizophrenics, idlers and thieves will
always have the same rights and privileges as workers and farmers, inventors and doctors,
or worse than that, be their managers.
In each country the entire population divides obligatorily
into these minimum three varieties of people and the higher a percentage of people of
the highest categories lives in it, the more highly developed a given country can be
considered (compare Austria, Sweden and Germany, on the one hand, and Guinea, Nigeria
and Afghanistan, on the other hand). Those countries, in the social spectrum of which
an appreciable part of the people occupy, attributed to the individuals phenogenetically
of the lowest category, with the tendency towards an increase of this part, it is possible
with confidence to rank among countries becoming gradually degraded. The time will come
when each nation and country will be receiving periodically a comparative estimation of
the level of its aggregate intellectual development, which will depend on the size of
shares in its social spectrum being occupied by each of categories of individuals.
So then, regarding with which exact phenogenofund and temperament
a fng. unit - individual occupies a given fnl. cell, the efficiency of implementation of
appropriate algorithms as well as the keeping up of contacts with fng. units of related
fnl. cells depend on in many respects. At the present-day hypersystemic organisation a
paramount importance should be attached to this factor, meanwhile the higher a fnl. cell
is situated in the hierarchy of fnl. pyramids, the more requirements a fng. unit filling
in it should meet, in the phenogenofund of which an appropriate spectrum of associative
centres of the highest signal subsystem of his cerebrum should be traced distinctly, and
in the first instance, those responsible for 'the organising creativity'. The
communicability of this fng. unit should be appropriate as well.
The motion of Matter in quality-time entails,
as we have established, a permanent augmentation of new functions
).At the present level of the Evolution this in its turn is leading to the complication
of the hypersystemic organisation of human society, at which more and more functions
fall on fnl. cells of the pyramids' tops. For the effective implementation of these
multiplying functions fng. units with a wider and wider spectrum of associative centres
of the cerebral cortex begin to be required. It is quite natural that it becomes more
and more intricate to pick such individuals. Therefore, recently the cases began to occur
more and more often, when in a fnl. cell several fng. units are being combined, whose
diverse sets of the cortex's associative centres mutually complement one another,
providing the need for a more comprehensive spectrum. The correct combination of the
cerebra's fnl. abilities of several fng. units with various associative centres became
the basis of the activity of 'collective leadership' of hyperorganisms' development,
forming almost their 'collective brain' or a superbrain. As samples to
that can serve first of all a family council, a council of elders, a board of directors,
an academic council, the State Council, the European Council, the UN Security Council
and so on. The further perfection of this process will be the best combination of
associative centres of fng. units, being included into organs of collective government,
in the aggregate spectrum of any super brain being formed, therefore the selection
of candidates into each fnl. cell of any council by individual intellectual
capabilities ought to be particularly thorough and not casual.
It is quite natural that establishment of individual contacts
for the sake of mutual understanding takes, as a rule, a relatively long period of time,
which is practically very difficult to realise in the process of active public functioning,
especially in fnl. cells of the highest level, due to an objective scantiness of time.
Therefore in some high-organised hypersystems the 'block method' of replacement of fng.
units, picked by the principle of mutual complementation, began to be used more and more
in fnl. cells of the top of a government pyramid. So, in the USA and other countries,
while taking the post a newly elected president replaces the whole 'team' of fng. units
of the administration in the upper level of the leadership. In Great Britain apart from
the acting cabinet of ministers there is always a well-adjusted 'shadow' cabinet of the
opposition ready for public activity. And so on...
The evolution of hyperorganisms, as we know, did not finish at
the creation of the organisational structure of present-day states. As a result of the
activation of this process the tendency to a bigger geosystemic integration was outlined
recently, at which already states themselves as fng. units began to fill in fnl. cells
of newly created superhyperorganisms. Starting from military coordination, this process
is taking in more and more also the economic life, assisting in the arising of such
superhyperunions as NATO, the European Economic Community, North American Economic Union,
OPEC, etc. As examples of geosystemic formations of the highest for today organisational
level L the European Union and the UNO ought to be considered.
At the same time the process of further integration of the
joint human Mind (so named the noosphere or the Supermind) and
self-consciousness, mainly through the mass media, is continuing gradually as well. In
the basis of their mechanisms there is the formation of specific associative centres in
the cerebra of a bigger and bigger number of individuals of all Humanity, equally tuned
in to realising general problems and searching for their solutions. The more and more
active functioning of the Supermind permits the opportunity of a rise in the level of
problems being considered, as the possibilities of re-combinations in it are practically
endless. The noosphere contains also all the information accumulated by mankind during
the whole period of its development. Such familiar objects as the aggregate individual
memory, textbooks, libraries, archives, museums and so on should be considered as
elements of the noosphere.
Thus, Humanity realises itself more and more as a single
world Society. Therefore the time should come very soon when a single world
Parliament and a single world Government, created, for example on the base of
the UNO, leaning for support in their activity on the Supreme Council of Experts
(the collective scientific Mind, formed from a group of leading scientists from various
countries) will be in charge of all processes within the limits of the Earth's
civilisation. Exactly these organs of a supreme world governing, on the recommendations
of the Supreme Council of Experts, will determine an optimal number and regulate the
growth of the population on our planet, proceeding from the needs and possibilities of
Humanity itself. Its numbers already now exceeds five and a half billion people, which
means that only to feed all of them more than 5 million tons of various high-nutritious
foodstuffs and as much again of clean drinking water is required every day. Precisely
this world governing body will take care of the problems of the reduction of still
increasing death-bringing ozone holes in the stratosphere and the augmentation of the
fecund humus layer of the soil as well as of afforestations, producing oxygen. It should
be involved in the burial of nuclear wastes in a most reasonable way and the struggle
with pollution of the sea and oceans as well as of the Earth's atmosphere. Exactly it
should organise the struggle with international crime and terrorism, other mental
deviations and manifestations, assisting at the same time the propagation everywhere
of high-level upbringing and education of human individuals as the main method of the
aggregate cutting down of the share of individuals of the lowest category in the limits
of the entire Humanity, etc.
But where is the limit of the systemic integration of Matter
itself seen? As a reply to this question it is necessary to emphasise once again that
all of us are still staying on one of the smallest islets - the Earth, surrounded by the
boundless space of the Universe, into which Humanity fastens unwittingly more and more
often their gazes. It is really so that as the theatre of the deployment of structures
of the latest organisational levels of Matter it should be considered (since we have no
other information) the surface of the Earth...
But already space ships have breached this spatial isolation in
the timid search of other civilisations or in initial attempts of detaching from our own.
And this is only the beginning of a NEW PERIOD (the period of extrasuperhyperorganisation
in the limits of the visible in the future motion of the evolving Matter along the
conceptual organisational level M).
There is no doubt that Man has appeared as a result of the
motion in quality along one of perspective branches of the Evolution of Matter,
at which the further organising part is falling more and more on the highest signal
subsystems of his Cerebrum. However, apart from the perfection of the systemic
organisation of superhyperorganisms he should take no less care also of the environment
(that is not to cut the bough on which he has grown up), and also of keeping a reasonable
balance of his numbers, which should be adjusted in accordance with the dynamics of a
required quantity of hyperorganisms' fnl. cells and of the ability of this or that group
of the population to feed themselves in recommended norms as well as to receive a
necessary for the present-day level of life upbringing and education. On how reasonably
and rationally he will be doing it, the question depends, if our branch of the Evolution
of Matter is a deadlock. Anyhow, nobody should forget, that the overwhelming majority of
the present civilisation lives in areas of hypersystemic degradation and is attributed to
individuals of the lowest category, and also that Humanity already possesses a multiple
possibility of destroying itself. It is enough to press a few buttons... And all that
depends not on some abstract man, but on concrete people, occupying at present these or
those fnl. cells of existing hyperorganisms, on us with you. Therefore, each person is
obliged during his life to develop and keep up his capabilities, knowledge and skill, in
order to have the highest possible intellectual potential and correspond at a maximum to
the present-day level of development of the advanced part of society, and then to the
progress of evolution of Matter as a whole.
In our contemporary world we are the witnesses of the constant
polarisation of hypersystemic relations. Until Humanity remains isolated in the limits of
the Earth, the factor of systems' bipolarity, always assisting in a spatial division of
the energetic centre from the entropic one, will be acting apart from our will, leaving
the hyperorganisms situated in the limits of action of the entropic centre to live more
modestly, than more organisationally perfect hyperorganisms of the energetic centre.
Nevertheless, the state of homeostasis of each hypersystem and its functional perspectivity
entirely depends on the coefficient of fnl. efficiency of systemic organisation, examined
by us, the growth of which is pre-determined by the existence of Matter itself. Logic says
that it should be higher with hyperorganisms of the fourth type, but it will not grow by
itself - everyone should be persistently striving for this.
Standing on the top of the whole past
time, Man, acquiring a bigger and bigger capacity for abstract thinking,
glances also at a visible future. But he should remember permanently
that the period of his active creative functioning is at the present.
"What does not develop does not live,
but what does not live is dying."
V.G. Belinskij
[ To Contents ]
[ Postface ]
[ To Contents ]
Igor I. Kondrashin Dialectics of Matter |
More than one hundred years ago doubts were expressed
for the first time that two known categories - space and time - were
sufficient to realise the world surrounding us.
In this book a new, the third category, equal
in significance to the first two, is described for the first time. It is indissolubly
linked with them and has no less influence on our life than they. With the help of this
category explanations are given in the book of many events and phenomena, the cause of
origin of which was until now unknown.
In addition to those interested in philosophy, the book
is also intented for people who are merely inquisitive and have active minds. Every
educated person should possess the knowledge mentioned in the book in order to orient
himself correctly in modern life.
The past two centuries have seen great advances in
science and philosophy, adding to the "accumulating fund of human knowledge".
A hundred years ago, Engels wrote the Dialectics of Nature, which was just one
stage in a philosophical revolution that also involved Marx, Lenin, Hegel and others.
The Diaiectics of Matter is a similarly profound philosophical treatise,
incorporating the revolutionary science of this century - the great work of
Einstein, et al.
The first chapter of the book defines the three important
parameters of the work: space, time and quality. Space and time are easily understood.
Space comprises the three dimensions in which we move; Einstein showed that space and
time are intimately linked as four dimensions forming a single continuum. If matter
does move over a certain time, its space will change, but co-ordinates can not describe
all that is happening. Since the matter might then suit a different function, its
quality will have changed. With these three "methods of counting", we have
three ways in which matter can move: motion in space, motion in time and motion in
quality. In the most important equation of the book, the sum of this movement, or
evolution, is a constant.
Matter is not an arbitrary concoction of disorderly forms.
It exists as numerous complex systemic formations, strictly regulated by the rules of
motion in the space-time-quality continuum. Each system has separate periods of
formation, growth, stability, dwindling and death. There are several rules for this
systemic formation of matter. The concept of organisational levels, n, is
particularly important. A system which functions at a characteristic level, n,
might be made up of systems functioning at level n-l, and form part of a system
functioning at level n+1.
Our world has evolved in a cascade fashion. If we look
at matter functioning today at level n, we can assume previous stages at levels
n-l, n-2, n-3, etc. The absolute zero level of qualitative
development is not known; who knows how evolution started? The lowest known level can
be termed as a level a and is a vacuum at zero vibration, populated only
by fleeting appearances of particle-antiparticle pairs. Level A comprises quarks
and the gluons that hold them together. Level AA is the leptons - a separate
sublevel of the systemic formation of matter as electrons and photons are often seen
as free entities. Similarly separate are the baryons functioning at level AB:
Pi-, Mu- and K-, which are formed from levels A and AA, but take no part
in the further evolution of matter. The elementary particles, protons and neutrons,
form level B.
The hundred or more elements constitute systemic formations
of level C. They exist as atoms 10-8 cm across with a nucleus occupying
the 10-13 cm at the centre. The nuclear species are held together by a balance
of attractive and repulsive forces. Electrons were thought to orbit the nucleus in what
was a powerful model of this sub-microscopic world, but they are now considered to be
stationary waves occupying an uncertain trajectory.
What we know of the evolution of these elements corresponds well
with the philosophical theory linking space, time and quality. Formed in expanding space,
they became confined in solar systems, and evolution had to be satisfied by motion in
quality, forming the simple molecules functioning at level D, such as H2.
The rest of the evolutionary processes were also confined in
space, so the constant rate of evolution could only be satisfied by changes in quality.
This explains the concept of entropy, the various phases of matter functioning at level
E, and the formation of complex molecules functioning at level F, such as
enzymes, chlorophyll and haemoglobin. Matter functioning at level G formed a world
suitable for life by altering the Earth's crust and atmosphere. Life appears in matter
functioning at level H, with the first coacervatical drops of amino acids and
proteins, and eventually the magical RNA and DNA. Most life functions at level I;
man is the system functioning at level K. With bodily evolution at an end, man
has evolved through the different communities in which he has lived: primordial
communities, slave-holding states, feudal states, the capitalist period and the
modern age of hyper-organisation.
The penultimate chapter concerns the systematic
architectonics of organisational matter, with man evolving through thought and