Kondrashin I. Dialectics of Matter

spheres: on land, in water and in air, that led to an augmentation of fnl. diversity
of their structures and fully met the requirements of motion of Matter in
quality-time-space. The acquired capability for movements in the space close to
the Earth's surface allowed organisms of the second generation to move from one source
of nutrition (systems of organisms of the first generation) to another one, extending
to a maximum their natural habitat. Moreover, at unfavourable moments an organism had
after that a possibility to cover itself up in a place more secure for it. The consumption
of various herbaceous plants increased the set of elements, out of which fng. units, which
were filling in fnl. cells of subsystems of animals' organisms, were formed. At the same
time each element was filling in a fnl. cell assigned precisely for it, where it could
reveal its own fnl. features characteristic only to it. Also, as in all systemic
formations of previous sublevels, any newly originated fnl. cell of a structure of this
or that organism undoubtedly required for its filling only a fng. unit, capable of
carrying out its set of fnl. algorithms. The slightest disparity of a fng. unit to the
fnl. cell it was filling in, led to a breach of the functioning of a given subsystem
of an organism and to a possible failure of its entire system as a whole.

  
Let us examine briefly the structure of organisms of the second
generation. As an example we shall take the structure of an organism of any contemporary
mammal. Its integral semi-autonomous system includes a great number of subsystems. One of
the principal of them is the bearing-motor subsystem. It includes the bone skeleton
with groups of muscles attached to it. The bone skeleton, fixing a geometrical position
in space of other subsystems of an organism, carries out in certain cases a protective
function as well. The organic cells of the muscular tissue with the help of biochemical
reactions with the assistance of ATPHA, as a universal source of bioenergy, contracting
at a set moment in time, bring to a spatial transference with a given speed of individual
parts of the organism. The bearing-motor subsystem well coordinated and precisely operated
allows some present-day animals to move with a velocity of several tens of km per hour.

  
Another important subsystem of the organism is the subsystem of
digestion. It includes a number of organs, where the processes of dividing organic
compounds of subsystemic formations of organisms of the first generation into particles
happen regularly until such a state when they can be utilized as composite elements in
synthesised heterotrophic organic cells of various organs of subsystems of the organism,
examined by us. The regularity of the said processes is defined by the requirements of
individual subsystems in the replacement in their fnl. cells of fng. units, which have
ended functioning, to new ones. Equally with the subsystem of digestion the subsystem of
excretion is also functioning. Through its organs unrequired elements present in
organic compounds of food, as well as elements of decomposition of ended functioning fng.
units of most of subsystems of the organism are moved away from the organism.

  
The permanently functioning subsystem of breathing
serves to provide biochemical reactions in various organs and tissues with the exchange
of gases. In the process of exchange of gases a continual supply of oxygen, required for
oxidizing-restoring reactions, takes place as well as the taking aside of one of the
products of decomposition of all organic compounds - carbonic acid gas.

  
The accumulative subsystem of the organism includes
the organs, fnl. cells of which are being filled with a certain reserve of the most
of elements, which are necessary for the formation of fnl. cells of other subsystems,
in this way making the period of autonomous functioning of the organism as a whole
longer. In organs of the said subsystem a number of organic compounds are also being
accumulated, the subsequent breaking up of which can serve as an additional source
of energy. The accumulative subsystem has a very important significance in the vital
activity of organisms of the animal world. With its help the organism has a possibility
of increasing intervals between feedings, and functioning normally during the said
interruptions. This is especially important for animals, the natural habitat of which
can be an area of desert as well as in the cold season of the year.

  
The subsystem of the circulation of blood and
lymph provides a permanent safe transportation of all necessary components for
biochemical reactions going in organic cells and taking aside the elements, formed in
the process of decomposition of units, that ended functioning. Blood constitutes the
structure of fnl. cells, having the features of a liquid, filled in with appropriate
fng. units. Therefore in blood there is always a full list of elements, being used in
organic cells during their synthesising, and they move at a necessary moment from fnl.
cells of blood to appropriate fnl. cells of an organic cell, being synthesised. Vacant
fnl. cells of blood are filled in at once with new fng. units from the accumulative
subsystem of fnl. cells or directly from the subsystem of digestion. Fnl. cells of
blood hold in appropriate elements and compounds as well as ensuring their transference
to fnl. cells of organic cells being synthesised on a bioelectrical basis.

  
Due to the fact that all biochemical reactions in organic
cells happen at a strictly set temperature, in organisms of the second generation
there is a more perfected, than in organisms of the first generation, subsystem of
thermoregulation, providing the constancy of the internal temperature of a body
in spite of any temperature fluctuations of the habitat. Sometimes these fluctuations
reach 70^oC.

  
Because of a big complexity of formation and functioning of
the system of the second generation's organisms, it required a reliable subsystem of
self-preservation, or the protective subsystem, the beginning of which we can
observe already in organisms of the first generation. The said subsystem includes special
organs and fnl. algorithms both of the external and internal self-defences. In particular,
the internal self-defence is directed mainly against penetrating into organisms' various
organs of foreign formations, which the subsystem of self-defence tries to destroy
and remove from the system. It is interesting that one of the methods of the internal
self-defence, is based on the principle of constancy of the temperature for reactions
going in biosystems. Coming from the fact that intruded micro-organisms (for example,
viruses) reactionary are more active as they do not have practically any accumulative
subsystem, the organism with the purpose of self-defence raises through the subsystem
of thermoregulation the common temperature in the whole system, consciously taking the
risk of temporary breach of some of its own bioreactions. However, the breaches caused
by this in foreign microsystems are much more serious, due to which they perish and are
removed from the organism's system, while the temperature conditions characteristic for
a given organism are restored again by the subsystem of thermoregulation.

  
Organisms of the second generation have to move permanently, as
it is known, in search of food on the land, in the water and the air. To provide a secure
travel as well as a more fruitful search of food the subsystem of perception,
search and orientation went under extensive development in the systems
of these organisms. It includes organs of eyesight, hearing and smell. With their help
organisms can easily orient themselves in space and more effectively carry on the search
of consumed parts of organisms of the first generation. The said organs also participate
in algorithms of the functioning of the subsystem of the external self-defence.

  
Among other subsystems of organisms of the second generation
it is necessary to pick out the three most important. One of them became the singled out
subsystem of communication of getting irritated, or excitements. For an organism moving
along the substratum in conditions of a quickly changing situation a more accelerated
communication of appropriate signals from one organ to another one was needed. Owing to
this the communication of signals in the organisms of the second generation came to have
an entirely bioelectrical basis and the singled out subsystem of communication has
developed into the central nervous subsystem (the CNS). The organic cells,
included in this organ, differ through an especially good electric conductivity, due to
which so named currents of rest and currents of action are constantly circulating in them.
In the presence of some irritant an excitement of a given part of the tissue is taking
place and a current of action arises in connection with this. The excited part of tissue
acquires the negative electrical charge with regard to any part of it not excited, after
that according to an available algorithm the bioelectrical potential is being communicated
into an appropriate organ of the system, while the velocity of communication of the signal
owing to the evolution gradually increased in the end to 120 m/sec. The single CNS of
organisms of the second generation took upon itself the function of coordinating of fnl.
activity practically of all subsystems of the organism, giving in such a way the ground
for the originating of the more improved, than in organisms of the first generation,
first signal subsystem and together with it of organisms' peculiar 'spirituality'. The
further evolution of the first signal subsystem was in the way of the establishment and
consolidation of so named reflex arcs, which were forming a certain chain of fnl. cells,
filled in with appropriate nervous cells. In the process of the formation of the CNS its
individual parts were functionally differentiating more and more, originating the spinal
cord, the cerebrum, the vegetative nervous subsystem.

  
A distinguishing feature of nervous cells is that they, in
contradistinction to others, do not have the capability to a cell-fission and exist
during the whole life of an organism, owing to which an established once reflex arc
under certain conditions exists till the moment of the desintegration of the organism's
entire system. The first signal subsystem includes reflex arcs, communicating excitements
both from receptors, reacting to external irritants, and from receptors of internal
irritations. The structure of stable reflex arcs is recorded genetically and reproduced
in following generations, creating the list of so named unconditioned reflexes. As a
result the nervous subsystem of the organism has acquired the biggest significance in
carrying out regulation and precise coordination of fnl. activity of the various
subsystems of the single organism.

  
In the process of the existence of organisms of the second
generation more and more situations began to turn out, when to some receptors' irritations
it was more expedient for the organism to react quite differently. So, for example, a
replete animal at seeing new portions of food or water does not react to them somehow,
as its first signal subsystem, besides the receiving of the signal from the receptor of
its eye at the same time, receives also a signal from a receptor of the accumulative
subsystem of its organism, and this signal by its irritating strength for some time proves
to be stronger than the first one. Through analysis of constantly received signals about
irritations of various strength of numerous receptors in junctions of the centres of
refraction of reflex arcs in the depths of the CNS the centres of analysis
and processing of irritating signals began to form, on which the function of coordination
of subsequent reactions to the most irritations, communicated from various receptors,
fell. As the evolution of organisms of the second generation was going on these analytical
centres of the first signal subsystem were localised more and more in the structures of
the cerebrum, but taking into consideration that functionally organisms of the second
generation were differing one from another more and more, an analogous bigger and bigger
difference the analytical fnl. centres of the CNS were acquiring as well. Thus, with time
it became more and more obvious that each newly appearing function of organisms of the
second generation was receiving its own analytical centre of the CNS' cerebrum, that is
the actual field of the motion of Matter in quality-time
()
at the new phase of its Evolution was moving more and more into the structures
of the organism's cerebrum.

  
One more important subsystem of organisms of the second
generation became the subsystem of gene recording, which besides coding of the
structural deployment of an entire system as well as the composition of all fng. units
began recording genetically also the reflex connections of arcs and the appropriate
analytical fnl. centres of the signal subsystem of the CNS. Exactly in this way the
genotype of organisms began to arise. Being created anew afterwards reflex arcs
and analytical fnl. centres after consolidating them as conditioned reflexes were making
up the phenotype of the organism, after that were recorded genetically and handed
down, going already equally with reflexes recorded before into the genotype of following
generations, supplementing it accordingly and developing more and more its 'spirituality'.

  
The last important subsystem of organisms of the second
generation, which it is necessary to consider, is the subsystem of the reproduction
of posterity, based on the functional division of all organisms into two sexes:
male and female individuals. With time each sex was acquiring more and more fnl.
specialisation, however the organs of subsystems, taking the direct part in reproduction
of posterity, got the largest distinction. The conception of every organism begins from
the moment of joining of two specialised organic cells - gametes, separately taken from
individuals of both sexes. In each gamete there is its own gene recording, which is
comprised in a haploid set of several tens of chromosomes, while any intrachromosomal
deviation of a genome is reflected in a certain way in the being formed genofund of
posterity. The development of foetuses of mammals' organisms takes place at first in
the special subsystem of a mother organism under the control of its CNS regulating
first of all the entire supply of appropriate nutritive elements for the filling in
of fnl. cells of a new organism's structure being deployed. After the birth of the
young cub and its separation from the mother system, the supply of the new organism
with nutritive elements by the mother organism is carried out still for a long time
and it comes in the form of the special solution (milk), being produced by the
appropriate fnl. subsystem of the female individual's organism. Organisms of the second
generation also have subsystems of reproduction of posterity by means of laying eggs,
constituting an embryo in the milieu strictly dosed of thoroughly selected nutritive
elements, which it fully utilizes as fng. units for fnl. cells of a structure deployed
until a certain moment of its own development.

  
Thus, the morphological and physiological differentiation
of subsystems of organisms of the second generation, which was occurring over many
millions of years, met the requirements of the motion of Matter along the ordinate
quality-time ( border="0">), being at the same time a direct consequence of this motion. It is
necessary to note that the said form of motion in the Evolution of Matter by that moment
became definitely dominating for the area of the Universe being examined, as the motion
in space-time began taking more and more a secondary subsidiary part.

  
In the process of evolution new, higher in its organisation
groups of organisms were arising in the way of aromorphosises, idioadaptations and
degenerations. At one of the stages of the said process of evolution of the systemic
organisation of Matter the representatives of organisms of the third generation appeared.
To them such organisms are attributed, that utilize for construction half-finished
products during the synthesis of their fng. units neither inorganic substances of the
humus layer and nor organic compounds divided into particles of tissues of individual
organs of plants, but considerably more complex organic substances of tissues of
organisms of the second generation. As a result of this, the necessity to consume
individual organs of various plants permanently and in big quantities in order to fill
in fnl. cells of their subsystems with appropriate fng. units fell away from the
carnivores, as they began to be named later. It became enough for them to seize one
of organisms of the second generation to obtain at once in a big quantity a variety
of many essential elements, being in fnl. cells of the organism of a herbivorous animal
and from which they could synthesise fng. units for the subsystems of their organism.
Starting from this time the organism began to receive necessary elements in the form
of ready blocks (block-nutrition), that fully met the principles of the formation of
material systems, pre-determining the utilization of stable complexes of units of
preceding levels as fng. units in structures of all subsequent stages of organisation.

  
In the systemic organisation of organisms of the third generation
fewer changes took place in respect to organisms of the second generation, than it was
between the second and the first generations. First of all the subsystem of digestion was
changed considerably being adapted for the new form of nutrition, as well as the nervous
subsystem which got some more fnl. significance. Among organisms of the third generation
the on-land animals began to be noted more and more by the level of their development. In
the end, all further evolution of the animal world on the whole began to come precisely
to a consecutive complication of the CNS in the on-land organisms of the third generation,
increasing in intensification and efficiency of its use, augmenting the diversity of its
functions' spectrum. Mainly it told on the systemic organisation of the cerebrum, which
was becoming more and more the specialised subsystem of multiplying analytical fnl.
centres, uniting analysers and initiators of most of the processes, going inside the
organism, and of some - outside of it.

  
In spite of a big number of species of organisms of all three
generations (on the Earth only nowadays they number about 0.5 millions of plants' species
and 1.5 mln. - animals') and their fnl. heterogeneity, nonetheless on the ordinate
of quality-time all the same a moment came, when all this diversity became
insufficient to provide a further Evolution of Matter. The way out of this could be found,
as before, only in some more complex organisation of Matter in the way of origination of
the next new organisational level. The first premises of transition to it already began
to arise about 30 mln. years ago, when in forests of Palaeogene and Neogene Parapipithecus
appeared - animals about the size of a cat, which were living on trees and were feeding
on plants and insects. The present-day gibbons and orangutans have descended from
Parapipithecus as well as one more branch - the extincted ancient apes Driopithecus, which
gave three branches, that have led to chimpanzee, gorilla and to the human being.
Charles Darwin proved convincingly that man represents the last, highly organised link in
the chain of the evolution of living creatures of four generations and has common distant
forbears with apes.

  
So, as a result of the motion of Matter along the organisational
level I, it is necessary to consider the origination of the most evaluated organisms
- organisms of the fourth generation, among which we number only human beings, whose
organism's system as a whole reached by that time a stable perfection. Being a derivative
system, which had absorbed all the best from organisms of the second and third generations,
the man received as a genetic heritage a collection of all those subsystems, that were
providing his existence and reliable functioning in the wide range of environment. As a
nutrition to fill in fnl. cells of own subsystems his organism was adapting itself more
and more to consumption of highly nutritious parts of organisms of the second and third
generations. So, both accumulative subsystems, formed around seeds in organisms of the
first generation (fruits, berries), rich in diverse elements, and various parts of
organisms of the second generation, began to occupy a bigger and bigger part in his
ration. Parts of organisms of the third generation, that is of carnivores, the man
practically did not and does not consume, as carnivores also do not do it themselves,
because of the impossibility of their utilization in order to fill in fnl. cells of his
organism's subsystems. However, in future and until nowadays the subsystem, regulating
in the organism of man his high nervous activity, and first of all the structure of
his cerebrum, began to receive more and more, outstripping development and
specialisation.

  
And really, if the volume of cranium of an ape was 600
cm³, then already the first man, the Australopithecus, who lived 3 - 5 mln.
years ago, began to have the volume of cranium 800 cm³. The Pithecanthropus,
who lived 1 mln. years ago, had already the volume of cranium varying within the limits
of 900-1100 cm³. Thanks to straight walking the hands of ape-like forbears
of man became free from the necessity of keeping up its body while moving and began
to acquire the ability to make other various auxiliary movements. Owing to this the
Pithecanthropus though it did not have yet habitations fit for living, could already
make use of fire and began to use various objects as first tools. Besides the enormous
advantage gained in connection with the release of forelegs, the conversion to straight
walking was giving to hominoid forbears of man one more evolutional acquisition: as a
result of the change in the position of the head and eyes the volume of perception by
them of visual information greatly increased, due to which possibilities in working-out
the response adequate to a concrete situation widened a lot.

  
If the conversion of the Australopithecus to straight
walking itself could not be implemented without a big alteration of fnl. characteristics
of their brain, then the perfection of straight walking and the possibilities of
orientation in the surroundings increased in connection with this, as well as the
use of arms in its turn raised the role of the cerebrum as the central subsystem of
estimation of information about the surroundings and for regulating the conduct of
the entire organism. Simultaneously with the above process the anatomical perfection
of arms and hands was progressing as instruments of working activity, at first still
primitive, but at subsequent stages of the evolution were turned gradually into
instruments of complex, consciously programmed activity.

  
Undoubtedly, that natural selection, which was taking place
at the same time, was leaning on an optimal set of genomes, controlling anatomical
formation of organs. At the same time, the adaptive fnl. use of all anatomical
achievements and their further evolutional perfection were already impossible without
the perfection of the cerebrum as the central instrument, regulating new functions of
body, due to which the structure and fnl. characteristics of cerebrum were becoming
more and more principal criterions of further selection. Therefore precisely the
cerebrum as the subsystem, regulating position and functioning of body, the activity
of hands, that became free as well as orientation in a concrete life situation and
formation of programs of conduct, became from that time the most important factor in
natural selection. Exactly the further multiplication and perfection of its analytical
fnl. centres, reflecting the augmentation of functions
()
in the process of the Evolution of Matter as a whole, became the ground at that
period of time of its intensive motion along the following organisational
level - K.

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Igor I. Kondrashin Dialectics of Matter

Dialectical Genesis of
Material Systems
(conclusion)

Level K

"Afterwards the natural science will include the science about human beings exactly in the same way as the science about human beings will include the natural science - it will be a single science." K. Marx

So man, being the most complex system of fng. units, in
which biochemical processes of various types precisely coordinated in space and
time are permanently taking place, from a certain time himself was becoming
gradually a fng. unit in the systemic organisation of Matter of a higher level, filling
in appropriate fnl. cells there. From this moment the epoch of self-organising systems
of a new kind began, though their germs we can examine already on the organisational
level I. Thus, analysing the structure of a biogeocoenosis, we see, that a forest
thicket constitutes a system of various fnl. cells, filled in with appropriate fng.
units - trees, bushes and grass. Some generations of plants after they stop functioning
die off and fnl. cells, which have become free, are being filled in with new plants.

  
Among organisms of the second and third generations it is
possible also to observe a primitive systemic organisation of fnl. cells of the new level.
It is possible to attribute to it settlements of ants (ant-hills), swarms of bees, shoals
of fish, flocks of birds, packs of wolves, herds, etc. It is quite natural that all those
formations can only theoretically be called organisations, but nevertheless they do have
some of its features. In the foundation of these formations there was a differentiation
of functions of fnl. cells, structurally linked between themselves and integrated into
a single system. The single systemic organisation of the above formations allows only a
hypothetical division of the said groups into fnl. subgroups, as their actual division in
most cases leads to a breach of the integrity of a system. Thus, if from a swarm of bees
a fnl. subgroup were to separate off, say, of drones, the entire swarm as a single system
will cease to exist. In packs of wolves and monkeys we shall detect without fail the fnl.
cell of the leader, which is always being occupied by the strongest and the most hardy
member of a pack, that is, in other words, the one that has the most developed
phenogenotype.

  
Functionally various fnl. cells of systems of the new type
have also their own, strictly determinated fnl. algorithms, which a fng. unit situated
in a fnl. cell is obliged to fulfil. This is a single law for all systemic formations
of Matter. So, a drone is not in a position to carry out properly fnl. algorithms of a
working bee exactly in the same way as a working bee is not capable of fulfilling the
functions of a drone. A weak leader cannot introduce order inside a park as well as
protect it against foreign enemies, etc.

  
As it is known, one of the first links in the systemic
organisation of the level K was the organisation of family,
which can be considered also as the last link in the process of evolution along the
sublevel I. From a two-cell system among organisms of the first generation (a
primary cell: a motherly plant + a secondary cell: seeds) the family structure was
transformed into a three-cell system among organisms of the second and third generations
(two primary cells: a father and a mother + a secondary cell: posterity). The duration
of existence of the structure of a family varies from the duration of conception periods
until periods of bringing up of posterity. A family of full value exists until the death
of one of a married couple. The normal functioning of a family formation can be reached
only on the condition of the filling in of all cells of its structure with appropriate
fng. units. The absence or a disparity of one of them is a sufficient factor to lead to
a break-up of a given formation.

  
Each fnl. cell, including a family one, has a definite set of
fnl. algorithms, which a fng. unit filling it is obliged to fulfil. Because of this there
are specific fnl. algorithms of a father, algorithms of a mother as well as algorithms of
posterity. With each species of organisms they are different, but in many respects are
similar between themselves. Their recording is kept on the same chains of DNA-RNA and is
inherited by each subsequent generation in the form of a hereditary genome. It is known,
that starting from the moment of an impregnation, an ovum in each of its organic cells
in the process of reproduction has all the aggregate of genes, that is all the parents'
information, which is necessary for an organism to provide its growth, existence and
functioning. But at no one moment does an organism require the information in full volume.
Therefore small sets of genes, named 'transposons', are able to leave chromosomes, to
move over from one organic cell to another one, transferring this or that information.

  
The next decisive step in the systemic organisation of Matter
along the level K was the origination of new fnl. structures, which fnl. cells
already so supercomplex material formations were filling in for certain periods of time,
as human individuals, who were functioning there, executing required fnl. algorithms.
Systemic formations of this kind we shall name hyperorganisms. Their appearance
could take place only as a consequence of the association of several primordial families
into a single herd as well as the further increase of polyfunctioning of the subsystem
of human organism - 'brain-hand', which with the help of newer and newer tools could
execute newer and newer fnl. algorithms. Moving into a fnl. cell of a primitive
hyperorganism, a man, as a fng. unit of a fnl. system - a primordial family had
temporarily to leave its fnl. cell, though at that initial period of hyperorganisation
this transference looked rather theoretical. Thus, already the first differentiation
of man's functions became the cause of the structural integration of a primitive herd.
Fnl. groups of a new type appeared as a result of it, and constituted structures of
fnl. cells that had their own strictly designated algorithms, which were executed by
fng. units that were filling them in. Thus, out of all organisms of the second, third
and fourth generations only the organism of the fourth generation, that had the highest
internal systemic organisation, the human being, could become a fng. unit
in hyperorganisms.

  
As an example let us examine the procedure of the functioning
of fng. units in a group of hunters for mammoths. Two-three tens of outwardly alike men
armed with similarities of lances and stones were filling in its structure. All of them
were occupying invisibly various fnl. cells in a formed group and therefore algorithms
being fulfilled by them were not the same. So, one of them came running to the nomad camp
and gave the others to understand, that he had seen not far away a mammoth or its fresh
tracks. The other one, after arming himself with a lance, rushed first in the direction
shown bringing along after him the others. The third one chose a convenient place to
attack the animal and gave the signal to descend on it. The fourth one after the killing
of the mammoth began preparing its carcass. The fifth one made a camp fire and began to
roast the meat. The sixth one, who was staying in the nomad camp during the absence of
the hunters, made for them a few new lances. After returning with the bag back to the
nomad camp, the men moved invisibly from the fnl. cells of the group of hunters into
their families' cells in order the next morning to move over again in the same way
invisibly from the families' cells to the fnl. cells of hunters. And it went on like
this from day to day, from generation to generation.

  
Out of the example examined by us it follows, that a fng. unit
of the new organisational level of Matter is being placed into an appropriate fnl. cell
only for a period of functioning, leaving it, as soon as the necessity of staying there
temporarily falls away, and filling it in again at an arising of the said necessity. At
the same time transferences from cell to cell began to have the character of regular
reiteration. With this peculiarity of the organisational level K broad
possibilities in increasing functions ( height="15" width="27" border="0">) were opening before Matter, that is for the
creation of an increasing quantity of fnl. cells while its motion along the ordinate of
quality-time at simultaneous use of a considerably less number of fng. units -
men, who had because of this to perfect more and more their capability to occupy in turn
several cells, raising by that the coefficient of their individual polyfunctioning. Fnl.
algorithms of each fnl. cell of systemic formations of the level K, that is of
hyperorganisms, were being recorded at that time in the form of biochemical recordings
in colonies of organic cells of a cerebrum of individual people, capable of accomplishing,
retaining and recalling these recordings, constituting interneuronic links, through which
at a certain moment biocurrent is going. Owing to this the further natural selection
of fng. units K selected out the people, who were differing at all other equal
parameters of their organisms by a bigger number of nervous cells in the cerebral
hemispheres able to form a bigger number of analytical fnl. centres of the signal
subsystem. And though this process was proceeding rather slowly, nevertheless it has
yielded its results. Thus, if the Synanthropus, who existed 500 thousand years ago, had
the volume of cranium of only 850-1250 cm³, then the volume of the cerebrum
of the Neanderthal man, who lived on the Earth 150 thousand years ago, was already more
than 1400 cm³, although there were not so many convolutions of the brain yet
in it. The Neanderthal man was feeding on meat and vegetable food, was dressing in skins
and living in groups of 50-100 persons. A human family could not exist at that time alone,
as it would perish quickly, not being able to defend itself from wild animals as well as
get enough food. Therefore from the first steps of his evolution the human being was a
collective animal. Thanks to his capability of polyfunctioning only he could become a
versatile fng. unit in hypersystems' cells of the level K.

  
Permanent participation in collective events, whether it
was hunting or a defence from enemies, required people to establish contacts between
themselves. It followed also from the law of creation of evolving systems, according
to which between fnl. cells of any structure there should be an interlink of a certain
kind. With time it was also formed gradually between fnl. cells in structures of the
level K - people: at first by gestures and then by a meaningful way of speaking.
So, already the Neanderthal men were associating between themselves by gestures and by
articulate sounds. All this, as it is known, was the origination of the second signal
subsystem, the material foundation of which the same neurones of big cerebral
hemispheres' cortex were serving. Here the invisible process of establishing the new
interneuronic links, of the formation of more complex analytical-initiating fnl. centres
was constantly progressing as well as of recording on DNA-RNA of organic cells of
appropriate biological modifications of organism's subsystems. As far as it was
developing the second signal subsystem was revealing more and more actively its fnl.
significance in people's life. Now already, not only the appearance of a mammoth, but
also a sound symbol, designating it, pronounced by one of the members of a human herd,
became a sufficient irritant and exited appropriate subsystems of hunters' organisms,
as a result of which they would rush in the direction of the proposed location of the
wild animal, that is of the object of the irritation. Some other animals, for example,
dogs, cats, etc., also have the rudiments of the second signal subsystem, but its
manifestation in these organisms has a very limited, primitive and unilateral character.
Only in the human being with the colossal potential of his cerebrum, did the second
signal subsystem get its further fnl. development, which was reflected in the fnl.
specialisation of subsystems of hearing, the way of speaking and again of those
analytical-initiating fnl. centres of the cerebrum.

  
Simultaneously, with the evolution of the subsystems of the
human being's organism as a fng. unit of the level K, fnl. algorithms of fnl.
cells of hyperstructures went on to perfect themselves, in particular, algorithms of
tools' manufacture. Thus, man learned progressively to split stones into plates and to
make out of them lance-heads, knifes, scrapers, prickers. Each new algorithm despite
its relative simplicity required many hundreds of years for its working-out. However,
in contradistinction to unconditioned reflexes, that is to algorithms of fnl. cells of
the sublevel I, algorithms of the level K' cells were not handing down
from generation to generation in the genetic way. Only the capability of repetitions
of their biorecording by means of the establishment of appropriate interneuronic links,
the formation of fnl. centres and the functioning with their help was handing down
biologically. Therefore an individual knowing how to make a knife out of a stone had
to show how to make it to his fellow-tribesman or to his son, the latter - to his, etc.

  
All that was taking place on the background of the augmentation
of the cerebrum's volume and the further complication of its organisation. Those sectors
of the cerebrum were developing in an outstripping rate that were connected with
implementation of sensory and enunciation's functions. It is necessary to emphasize, that
the origin and evolution of enunciation turned out to be possible only on the base of the
complicated modification of the anatomy of vocal organs, augmentation of the volume
of larynx, modification of the location of tongue's root and diminution of the jaw's
dimensions. In other words, speech as well as an instrument of working activity - the
arm-hand - made it possible and inevitable that the socialisation of the primordial man,
arose on the basis of the most complex modifications of bodily, anatomical organisation
of forbears of the primordial man. The load on the cerebrum, that was going on in
connection with this, had led to a situation where the cerebrum's volume of first men
of the modern type - the cromanions, who appeared 30-40 thousand years ago - reached an
unprecedented size (1400-1600 cm³), and its structure became essentially
complicated owing to a further increase of the number of analytical-initiating fnl.
centres of signal subsystems, connected with the controlling of algorithms of working
activity and speaking as well as with a capability of abstract thinking. In the
individual evolution of the cerebrum it is possible to single out the appearance of
heterochroniums, determining the development of phylogenetically young regions at the
expense of relative diminution of old ones; the cranium began to acquire more and more
a human form. Thus Homo Sapiens - 'the intelligent man' was forming gradually.

  
The cromanion came close to a modern man not only by the physical
aspect, the form of the cranium and features of face, but by displaying already a genuinely
human intellect - the ability to organise collective forms of work and life, the ability
to build dwellings, to manufacture garments, to make use of highly developed speech. The
cromanion mastered the art of painting, created a system of rituals of behaviour and germs
of a primitive religion. It was characteristic for him to have a feeling of compassion for
his neighbours and concern for their welfare, that is what we call altruism.

  
The rate of the evolutionary process of hominids' development,
which was hastening more and more, serves as one more confirmation of the dependence
of the motion of Matter in quality from the motion in time:
, discovered
earlier by us. Throughout the entire evolutionary development of hominoid forbears of
man and at the first stages of biological formation of the human being himself, the same
commanding regularity was prevailing, and becoming stronger and stronger: the perfecting
of the bodily, anatomical organisation was raising more and more requirements for the
regulating activity of the cerebrum and already because of this putting it under the
strong pressure of selection. At the same time, the cerebrum, perfecting the organisation
and functions of the body, was acquiring more and more possibilities for analysis of
concrete life situations and the working out of programs of conduct adequate to them,
which was making the object of selection not only regulated, but also extrapolated, that
is intellectual, characteristics of the cerebrum as the programming device of the highest
nervous activity and an embryonic intellect. Thus, the cerebrum, which included first
of all the entire aggregate spectrum of analytical-initiating fnl. centres of signal
subsystems, became in the end an organ of the supreme integration of the physiological
and spiritual activity of the human being as a fng. unit of systems of the level K.

  
Apart from the above processes the evolution of hypersystemic
formations of the level K also was continuing. It was occurring in the way of fnl.
differentiation and originating of fnl. cells, which differed by new fnl. algorithms,
with simultaneous integration of them. Thus, fishing, cattle-breeding, agriculture arose.
First handicraft appeared: the manufacture of tools and instruments, utensils, the sewing
of garments. Because of this the fnl. specialisation of fng. units - men became stronger.
So, some of them were perfecting more and more fnl. algorithms of fishing; others,
algorithms of looking after domestic animals; the third ones, capabilities of a hunter;
the fourth ones were making tools for work and household articles faster and faster and
in bigger quantities; the fifth ones were displaying more skill in cultivating the land
and plants. Already 7-13 thousand years ago a stone axe, a mattock, a bow, a sickle, a
first loom were known to men. About 6 thousand years ago men learned to melt copper and
began to manufacture tools out of metal. A plough, a copper axe, a copper sickle, etc.
appeared.

  
Due to the fact that all people were alike biologically, that
is homologous and had subsystems of their organisms created identically, they could
implement almost any of the algorithms of the fnl. cells enumerated above. The difference
was only that various fng. units - people could fulfil the same fnl. algorithms in a
different way: some - faster and more precisely, others - less effectively. It was quite