Kondrashin I. Dialectics of Matter

end in the destruction of the structure of a given cell as a whole. In this way the
cell's organisational system permits it to keep up a permanent presence of appropriate
fng. units in fnl. cells of their subsystems, that keeps its structure and by what the
cell's ability to implement algorithms of fnl. cells of systems of a higher order is
provided, where it enters as a fng. macro unit. All reactions of biosynthesis (reactions
of assimilation) take place according to the general theory of systems by absorbing
energy of motion in space, which as if getting stuck in the structure of the cell's
system is being transformed into energy of connection between its fng. units.

  
The other type of reactions - reactions of desintegration -
takes place with a simultaneous decrease in the energy of connection, being transformed
into energy of motion in space. During reactions of dissimilation, fng. units of the
cell's subsystems, being systemic formations of a lower order, having functioned out,
decompose to fng. units of their sublevel, ready if necessary to enter into new
synthesising reactions in order to form new structures - fng. units of a higher
organisational level. Both types of reactions are closely interconnected and constitute
a single process, directed to filling in fnl. cells of the cell's structure with active
appropriate fng. units, which finally provides the maintenance at a proper level of fnl.
features of the cell as a whole.

  
One of the main and the most complex types of synthesising
reactions is biosynthesis of proteins, taking place in the cell continually
during the entire duration of its existence. During the process of functioning of the
cell a part of its proteins, having participated in catalytic reactions, are being
denatured gradually, their structure and consequently their functions are being violated
and they are being moved away from their fnl. cells and then from the cell itself. Their
places in fnl. cells are being occupied by newly synthesised proteinous molecules
completely identical by its fnl. features to fng. units having emptied places for them.
Taking into consideration that there are a great number of types of proteinous molecules,
the mechanism of their synthesising, being perfected during a long period of time, in the
end turned into a specialised subsystem of the cell with the precise list of algorithms
of functioning.

  
The program of synthesis of proteins, that is the information
about their structure, recorded and kept in DNA, is sent to ribosomes with the help of
informational RNA (i-RNA), being synthesised on DNA and precisely copying its structure.
To each aminoacid a section of a DNA's chain corresponds from three nucleotides being
situated alongside: A-C-A (cysteine), T-T-T (lysine), A-A-C (leucine), etc. The number
of possible combinations from 4 nucleotides by 3 equals 64, though in all 20 aminoacids
are used. The sequence of nucleotides of an i-RNA repeats precisely the sequence of
nucleotides of one of chains of gene recording, while from each gene it is possible
to make any number of copies of RNA.
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The recording of information on an RNA, that is the process of 'transcription', takes
place during the simultaneous synthesising of an i-RNA, which is being carried out with
the help of the principle of complementation. As a result, the chain of an i-RNA being
formed by content and sequence of its nucleotides constitutes a precise copy of the
content and sequence of nucleotides of one of the chains of DNA. The molecules of an
i-RNA are directed then to ribosomes, where aminoacids also come, being delivered from
without of the cell in already ready form. Aminoacids get to a ribosome accompanied by
transport RNAs (t-RNA), consisting on average of 70 - 80 nucletidic links, in 4 - 7
places complemented to each other. To one of a t-RNA's ends an aminoacid is being
connected and in the upper part of the bend a triplet of nucleotides is fixed, which
by code is corresponding to a given aminoacid. For every aminoacid there is its own
t-RNA, that is there are also 20 varieties of them.

  
The synthesis of proteins and of nucleinous acids takes place
on the basis of reactions of matrix synthesis. By that the giving of fnl. features of
fng. units being replaced by newly formed compounds is provided. New molecules are being
synthesised in precise correspondence with the plan, which is kept put in the structure
of already existing molecules. Therefore in these reactions a precise, strictly specific
sequence of monomeric links in polymers that are being synthesised is provided. What is
taking place here is a directed pulling together of monomers to a certain place of the
cell - into fnl. cells of a being newly formed polymer, while the location of fnl. cells
themselves is being pre-determined by the structural organisation of a matrix being copied.
Macromolecules of nucleinous acids of DNA and RNA are playing the role of a matrix in
matrix reactions. Monomeric molecules (nucleotides or aminoacids) in accordance with the
principle of complementation are being located and fixed on the matrix in a strictly
definite, given order. Then a 'sewing together' of monomeric links into a polymeric chain
takes place, and a ready polymer is released by the matrix. After that the matrix is ready
for the assembling of a new polymeric molecule. With the help of a matrix type of reactions
the reproduction of the same type compounds - fng. units of a given system - is being
carried out. The necessity of the reproduction of the same type of fng. units is traced
through all levels of the organisation of Matter and is one of the main regularities of
the general theory of systems.

  
The information about the structure of a protein, recorded
on an i-RNA as a sequence of nucleotides, is being transferred further as a sequence
of aminoacids into a polypeptidase chain being synthesised, that is the process of
'translation' is taking place. During the assembling of a proteinous molecule, a
ribosome creeps along an i-RNA, after it the second one, then the third, etc. Each
of them synthesises quite the same protein, programmed on a given i-RNA. When the
ribosome passes along an i-RNA from one end to the other - the synthesis of a protein
is over. After that the ribosome goes on to another i-RNA and the protein is directed
through the endoplasmatic net into a free fnl. cell with features that correspond to
it, which it fills in as a fng. unit.

  
The synthesis of proteins in a cell takes place continuously.
All the ribosomes located simultaneously on one i-RNA are united into a polyribosome.
The ribosome works along an i-RNA taking 'short steps': triplet after triplet the RNA
is in contact with it. For the sewing of a polypeptidase chain in the ribosome there is
the protein-synthethasa. Molecules of a t-RNA, passing through a ribosome, touch by its
codic end the place of contact of the ribosome with an i-RNA. If a codic triplet of the
t-RNA turns out to be complementary to a triplet of the i-RNA, an aminoacid delivered
by the t-RNA moves over from its fnl. cell into a fnl. cell of a molecule of a protein
that is being synthesised, thus becoming a fng. unit of its structure. By this the most
important rule of the construction of fnl. systems is provided - the placing of a given
fng. unit into a fnl. cell strictly corresponding to it or, on the contrary, the filling
in of a fnl. cell with a fng. unit strictly corresponding to it. Therefore, the mechanism
of the synthesis of proteins, being available in any cell, provides a full guarantee
that a given aminoacid, being transported by a t-RNA, will get only into a fnl. cell
corresponding to it of a protein's structure or, on the contrary, that into a coming
up on the ribosome next in turn empty fnl. cell of a protein being synthesised only
a fng. unit - a required aminoacid corresponding to it by its fnl. features - will get.

  
After the filling in of a fnl. cell next in turn of a
synthesised protein, the ribosome is making one more step along the i-RNA, getting this
way the information about fnl. features of a fnl. cell which is next in turn in a being
filled structure. The t-RNA with the vacated working t-fnl. cell leaves into the
intracellular space, where it takes a new molecule of aminoacid corresponding to it in
order to carry it again to any of the fng. ribosomes. The molecules of proteins are
synthesised on average in about 1 - 2 minutes. This process takes place during the whole
period of a cell's existence. All the reactions of the synthesis of proteins are being
catalysed by special ferments, up to reactions of seizure by t-RNAs. All the reactions
of synthesis are endothermic and therefore each phase of the biosynthesis is always
linked with consumption of ATPHA.

  
Any cell keeps its composition and all its fnl. features at a
relatively constant level. So the content of ATPHA in cells is 0.04% and this magnitude
is kept stable. The starting and ending of processes, providing the keeping up of fnl.
features of a cell, happen in it automatically. The basis of auto regulation of these
processes is a special signal subsystem of cells, which uses for these purposes the fnl.
features of fng. units of previous sublevels, that is electromagnetic characteristics
of electrons, atoms, etc. Therefore in any cell there is always a certain quantity of
various ions and other charged particles, which as a whole creates bioelectrical chains,
microfields, etc. An alteration of the bioelectrical potential though in one of links of
any subsystem of a cell serves as the signal for the beginning or ending of this or that
biochemical reaction, of this or that transference of fng. units along fnl. cells of
various subsystems of the cell. The availability of the subsystem of signal bioelectrical
connection in the structure of cells as well as using for these purposes fnl. features of
fng. units of lower sublevels (electrons, ions and others) serve as one more confirmation
of the presence of a close interlink of all levels of the single systemic organisation
of the evolving Matter.

  
So, the final result of the Evolution of Matter along the level
H was the formation of the most complex systemic structure - the organic cell. The
structure of every cell includes a strictly definite number of various fnl. subsystems,
each of them carries out a characteristic function strictly definite only of it, providing
a normal functioning of the entire cell as a whole. Each subsystem of a cell has its
strictly definite structure, that includes systemic formations of a lower organisational
level, having a polymolecular composition with their specific laws of functioning. Each
molecular structure includes atomic systems with their specific laws of functioning.
Atomic structures are based on the laws of the functioning of subatomic subsystems. And
so infinitely it is into the structural depth of Matter. All the indicated piling up of
fnl. systems and subsystems is organised in a most fine way in space and time with only
one purpose - to provide the revealing at a strictly definite place in a strictly definite
period of time of the fng. characteristics of a peculiar material formation - the organic
cell.

  
From this very moment Matter entered into a new phase of its
qualitative evolution - the creation of self-regulating and self-governing macrosystems.

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Igor I. Kondrashin Dialectics of Matter

Dialectical Genesis of
Material Systems
(continuation)

Level I

Due to the fact that the evolution of systems of the
level H in space was limited by the Earth's surface, the going of
time required the continuation of accelerated motion of Matter along the category
of quality even then, when it already exhausted itself on this organisational
level. Therefore at a certain stage of the Evolution of Matter only the appearance of
new structural formations, composed from groups of cells and having another spectrum
of fnl. features, could meet the requirements of this law. Thus, with the appearance
of the cell, that is from the moment it acquired original systemic completeness, the
Evolution of Matter along the ordinate of quality started to get over into the
next organisational level - I, in which already cells themselves began to serve
as fng. units, filling in fnl. cells of more complex structures of the new level. It was
expressed first of all in fnl. specialisation of individual subsystems of the cell, that
with the passing of time brought to the appearance of numerous types of cells, every of
which had strictly definite fnl. features. Therefore the functional differentiation of
cells should be considered as motion of Matter along the ordinate of quality in
limits of the organisational level I, that automatically led, due to the action
of the first principle of formation of systems, to their structural integration.

  
It is necessary also to note that according to the laws of the
Evolution of Matter the quantitative augmentation of fng. units of the same type with the
identical fnl. features cannot provide the filling in of those newly formed during the
process of motion of Matter along the ordinate of quality fnl. cells, and then
the Evolution of Matter as a whole. Only the appearance of fng. units with various
fnl. features meets these requirements. However, all objects of various types require
obligatory systemic organisation. That is why, as the Evolution of Matter is going, the
creation of more and more new fng. units is taking place on the basis of the existing ones
with features different from the already existing fnl. features, for the realisation of
which structural formations of higher and higher systemic level are being formed.

  
Exactly this had resulted in the end in the necessity of the
arising of a new kind of structures, which include organic cells in their fnl. cells as
fng. units. This moment was marked on the ordinate of time 2 - 3 billion years ago,
when according to the existing data the appearance of 'Life' on Earth was fixed. Until
then the Earth, as it is considered now, was sterile. However, according to canons of the
modern biology, any living creature is being born only from its parents, that is from the
same living creatures. Therefore the theory of the systemic Evolution of Matter helps to
reply in the only correct way and to this question as well.

  
The entering of Matter in its Evolution into a new
phase was accompanied by the appearance of a numerous variety of organisms of the
vegetable-animal world. Following principles of a systemic formation, organic cells,
filling in fnl. cell of more and more new structures and functioning in them as fng.
units, were creating various systemic and subsystemic formations, the fnl. load of many
of them was only keeping in an organised state systems of organic cells in the process
of their specialisation for the formation in future of more perfect organisms. The
evolution of the vegetable and animal world lasted a relatively long period of time and
its stages are well known. At the same time, during the whole length of this evolution
from algae and bacteria to representatives of flora and fauna contemporary with us all
processes of formation, existence and dying off submitted to single principles of the
systemic organisation of Matter, the action of which extended to every organisational
level, including the sublevel I. All organisms related to it constitute integral
systems, the structures of which can be imagined as fnl. cells located in space in
a certain way and filled with organic cells as fng. units.

  
Systems of organisms have, as a rule, fnl. subsystems - organs,
having this or that fnl. load. The structure of organs is constituted by fnl. cells with
fnl. algorithms of approximately the same type and therefore fng. units filling them in
- organic cells have approximately the same type of texture and, correspondingly, fnl.
features. Groups of such cells have the name 'tissue'. As in the previous organisational
sublevels the time of existence of fnl. cells does not coincide with the period of
functioning of fng. units. Therefore all organisms have subsystems that provide the
delivery of elements for completion - various atoms and molecules for the formation
of new fng. units identical to those being replaced in fnl. cells, which have ceased
to function. At the same time the fnl. characteristics of newly formed organic cells
should coincide fully with the fnl. characteristics of the replaced ones and in the
end correspond to the algorithms of fnl. cells being filled in. Mitosis of organic
cells are the mechanism that provides the keeping up of appropriate fng. units in
permanent fnl. readiness in fnl. cells of organisms' subsystems.

  
It is known that in any organism, as in any fnl. system, each
fnl. cell is occupied by a strictly corresponding to it by its fnl. characteristics fng.
unit. And on the contrary, every fng. unit should occupy a place in a fnl. cell strictly
corresponding to it. Therefore any deviation from this rule always leads to a situation,
when a not corresponding to a given fnl. cell fng. unit is not in a position to carry
out injunctions of the available algorithms of functioning, which entails a breach of
functioning of this or that subsystem of an organism or of its entire system as a whole
which in the end can result in its destruction.

  
The origination of the so named 'alive nature' took place in
waters of the world ocean or, rather, at the junction of seas and land. The availability
of all components, including water, as well as atoms of most of chemical elements in the
aggregate with the daily permanent source of energy - the radiant energy of the Sun - had
created ideal pre-conditions for the systemic constructing of various structures of fnl.
cells, which there and then could be filled in with required fng. units. And therefore not
episodic discharges of thunderstorms (that were as a necessary condition, but not a cause)
served as a push to the origination of complex biostructures (as some hypotheses claim),
but the consecutive sorting out of various systemic variants in combination with
appropriate favourable conditions of the outside systemic milieu had resulted in the
creation of dynamically stable biosystems. Molecules of sea water in combination with
various chemical elements in the form of solutions were penetrating through coats of
new systemic formations and were filling as fng. units appropriate fnl. cells of their
structures, while the radiant energy of the Sun, transforming and freezing in the form
of energy of intermolecular links, was assisting in keeping fng. units in their fnl.
cells during the period of their functioning.

  
As a result of the lengthy organisational process, which took
place over many millions of years, at first the simplest unicellular organisms appeared
- blue-green algae and bacteria, then green algae, fungi and other multicellular plants,
which had the most primitive texture, but were the consummation of Matter's creation at
that moment of its Evolution. The subsequent going of time and the appropriate
moving of Matter along the ordinate of quality required a further increase
of functions ( border="0">). Because of this, algae getting to land, began to adapt themselves
more and more to a dehydrated milieu. In their organism a stratification of subsystems
started, each of them carrying out a particular function. In certain cases some tissues
began being provided with two and more functions, that is they were becoming
polyfunctional, meeting in that way the requirements of the laws of the general
Evolution of Matter.

  
We shall not be describing in detail the entire lengthy process
of the evolution of organisms and their fnl. subsystems in that long period. For us it
is important to note that as a result of this process a large quantity of various plants
appeared, which we shall refer to as one group of so named 'organisms of the first
generation'. In spite of there seeming to have outward differences as well as dissimilar
fnl. subsystems, all of them are united, and this is particularly important, by a single
principle of formation of fng. structures. To be exact: representatives of the whole
collection of sublevels C and D - atoms, molecules, ions, radicals, etc.,
come in the form of solutions as fng. units in their fnl. cells, that is elements of
inorganic compounds, present in the soil, or more precisely, in the surroundings and
combined in fnl. cells of a given species of organisms with the help of the Sun's energy
into systems of very complex organisation. Glucose, aminoacids synthesised in this way
from CO₂, H₂O and other systemic formations of lower sublevels,
and then carbohydrates, proteins, nucleotides, etc., that is fng. formations of higher
sublevels filled in as fng. units fnl. cells of subsystems of organic cells, which were
already themselves fng. units in the structure of plants' organisms. The organic cells,
a systemic organisation of which permitted the carrying out of the synthesis of structures
in the said way, later came to be named autotrofical. The cells of green plants
contemporaneous with us are their characteristic representatives.

  
The main reaction, that goes on in organisms of the first
generation, is the reaction of photosynthesis:

Quantums of light, bombarding the molecular structure of chlorophyll, transmit
a certain quantity of its kinetic energy to a part of its electrons, transferring
them in this way into an 'excited' state. As a result of this, electrons leave their
orbitals and jump over to higher ones. Part of them, joining with ions of hydrogen,
turns them into hydrogen, etc. Simultaneously during this process ADP is turning into
ATPHA and CO₂ into glucose.

  
The photosynthesis serves as a foundation for nature's permanent
great creative process of biosynthesis, as a result of which an innumerable multitude
of fng. units is created, filling in fnl. cells corresponding to them in structures of
various bioorganisms. More than 170 billion tons of carbon, billions of tons of nitrogen,
phosphorus, sulphur, calcium, magnesium, potassium and other elements nowadays are being
linked on the Earth yearly into more complex structures with the help of photosynthesis.
As a result of this about 400 billion tons of various organic substances are being formed.
All of them in the form of fng. units fill in fnl. cells of organic cells of all organisms
of the vegetable-animal world, providing their normal functioning as systemic formations
of a higher order.

  
During the process of the evolution of organisms of the first
generation more and more isolation of the structures of some subsystems was taking place.
It became necessary especially after the gradual assimilation of the land by plants and
their adaptation to the new conditions of existence. As a result of this lengthy process
of fnl. differentiation the next organs (or subsystems) appeared in the structure of
plants' organisms: roots, stems, leaves, etc., each of them with its fnl. nomination. So,
the main function of the subsystem of roots is to provide the supply for the entire
systemic structure of a plant's organism with fng. units of previous sublevels. Molecules
of water jointly with atoms and ions of various inorganic substances, which are necessary
during the synthesis of complex organic formations (cells, tissues, etc.), come into plants
in the form of solutions through the system of roots. Therefore fnl. algorithms of the
subsystem of roots should provide a permanent stable source of required chemical elements,
at the same time carrying out their identification, dosing, sorting out and transportation
to the fnl. cells of the organisms' structure assigned for them.

  
As the roots' subsystem was perfecting, in some organisms its
structure began to include also fnl. cells of the accumulative centre, in which a stock
of chemical elements and compounds essential for a plant's organism was being temporarily
stowed. Therefore, at periods when any of the essential elements cannot enter from outside
due to some reason, the plant could replenish them from the accumulative cells of root
plants. The fnl. subsystem of roots is an integral part of a single structure of a plant's
organism and submits to its internal algorithmic regulations, directed at providing fnl.
characteristics of the plant as an entire system - fng. unit of a higher level. If one
makes an artificial separation of the subsystem of roots from the other subsystems of a
plants' organism, then the internal algorithmic order would be broken and both parts of
the system would end their fnl. existence desintegrating into the fng. units composing
them.

  
Leaves are another important subsystem of plants'
organisms. Their main function consists in carrying out the most important organic
process - the reaction of photosynthesis during the periods of functioning of the
plants' organisms. The structure of each leaf (that is a spatial location of its fnl.
cells) constitutes quite a perfect mechanism, allowing to provide an optimal process
of photosynthesis reactions in given conditions. At the same time all other subsystems
of an organism assist the normal mechanism of this process. Organic compounds received
as a result of photosynthesis are transported to appropriate fnl. cells assigned for
them, emptying the place for the formation of new units of organic compounds. The
reaction of photosynthesis is accompanied by an intensive exchange of gases, for which
purpose there are specialised fnl. cells with appropriate algorithms in the structure
of the leaves, in which the intake of molecules of carbonic acid gas and the flowing
away of molecules of oxygen take place. Besides, the subsystem of leaves carries out
also the function of a thermocontrol of the reaction of photosynthesis, which is being
achieved in the way of a collection of all the excessive energy of photons from the Sun
and eliminating it with the help of a special mechanism of the subsystem, the action of
which is based on the principle of emitting (evaporation) molecules of water.

  
The subsystem of leaves, following climatic fluctuations,
functions only at favourable periods for that. When the temperature conditions of the
surroundings hinder normal photosynthesis and act in a destructive way to fine mechanisms
of leaves, the internal algorithmic regulations of a plant's organism provide their
tearing away. This self-defending phenomena in no way violates the integral unity of the
structure of a plant's organism and serves for the purposes of providing safety for the
rest of its subsystems. Therefore a fall of leaves is the same natural event in the cycle
of algorithms of plants' development as their appearance in a process of regeneration.

  
Stems are the next functionally important subsystem of
plants' organisms. The list of functions carried out by combinations of their fnl. cells
is also very wide. Here first of all intrasystemic spatial transferences of various fng.
units from one part of the system to other: from leaves to roots, from roots to leaves,
etc., should be attributed. The structure of stems provides for these purposes the
presence of special transport arteries, or vessels, piercing subsystems of the entire
organism and through which fng. units are moving from some fnl. cells to others. So water
and mineral salts are moving up through roots to an upper part of plants through internal
vessels, and organic substances formed in leaves are being transported through external
arteries of stems. The structure of the stems (trunks) of many plants includes accumulative
fnl. cells, where a stock of elements necessary for subsequent utilisation is being stored.
The stems (trunks) of plants serve also for purposes of optimal location of fnl. cells
of the structure of a plant's organism in geometry of space. Therefore even a spatial
location of leaves' covering of a plant in order to provide the maximum area of its
irradiation by the Sun is a function of stems.

  
One more very important peculiarity of stems' texture is
the inclusion into their structure of a signal subsystem of a plant's
organism, having its offshoots practically in all its organs. However, the main channels
of communication pass exactly through stems. Through these channels the internal
information of organisms is moving from one subsystem to another one, coordinating
in this way in time the beginning and ending of these or those reactions, having been
programmed by algorithms of appropriate fnl. cells. The same signals serve for making
corrections in the said algorithms. It is necessary to note here, that the notion
'organism' itself includes the availability of a relatively complete biological system
with the obligatory presence of the signal subsystem. Exactly owing to the signal
subsystem a certain conglomeration of organic cells is united into the system of a
single organism. In the simplest organisms of plants the signal subsystem appeared
at first in embryo form, evolving with time into the primitive first signal
subsystem, simultaneously commencing the appearance of the spirituality
in the organism. As it was already noted, the signal subsystem of the organisms of
vegetable-animal world has a bioelectrical nature. With its help the tight coordination
of subsystems of a single structure of organism takes place, the regulating in time
of algorithmic activity of these or those fng. units.

  
Here it is necessary also to note, that in such complex
systemic formations, as organisms of the first generation are, the common feature
for the entire organisation of alive Matter received its further development - the
getting irritated. By getting irritated one means the ability of a system to
respond to outside action with such a reaction, which by its strength, place and
character does not correspond to the strength, place and character of the outside
action itself, at the same time the said reaction has a reversible character, that
assists to its multiple repetition. In organisms, even the most primitive, getting
irritated reveals itself in a much more complicated way than in an isolated proteinous
complex, differentiated form, having its definite functional meaning, however, here it
is also based on regulations, characteristic for all systemic formations, namely: the
transference at a certain period of time of individual fng. units from some fnl. cells
to other ones. An elementary form of getting irritated is the capability of myosin
situated in organic cells to respond by a contraction to influences on it with a minimum
quantity of ATPHA as a natural chemical irritant. The reaction of a contractile protein
to ATPHA disappears, if to blockade one of the most important reactive groups of proteins
- the sulphohydrilic group. The restoration of these groups in the structure of a
contractile protein renews the reaction of the protein to the said irritant.

  
Plants do not have special tissues or some coordinational
centre, perceiving and conducting irritations. However, in spite of a relative primitivity
of plants' reactions to irritations, the most complicated subsystem of plasmatic, vascular
and hormone-containing connections, united into the primitive signal subsystem, in its
turn unites all their parts and organs into a single entire organism and is regulating
all physiological and biological processes. An excited part of a plant's tissue or organ
acquires the negative charge towards unexcited parts, owing to which between the excited
and unexcited parts an electrical current arises (a bioelectrical potential). Besides,
substances of high physiological activity (aucsynes and other phytohormones) are being
formed (or become free) in an excited part, which move to other parts of tissue and
equally with biocurrents cause in them a state of excitement. The speed of the spread
of an excitement in plants amounts to several and tens microns/sec.

  
Having undergone appropriate molecular-physical changes in
response to an action of irritating agents, proteinous structures, because of the
influence of an available gene record of their initial formation, newly revert to their
original state and can react again to these or those actions. The energy of a responding
reaction to an irritation is usually proportional, but not equal to the energy of
irritation, as a reaction to an irritation is being carried out at the expense of
internal energy of the plant's organism, accumulated before - during assimilation. If
this internal energy has been used up in preceding reactions to irritations, then new
irritations will not cause a responding reaction until the initial energetical level
and other characteristics of an excited part of tissue would be restored. Very strong
irritations do not stimulate, but on the contrary, oppress vital activity of an organism,
and with enough duration of action such irritants break a normal rhythm of its
functioning. Owing to this the strength of irritation should be strictly measured.

  
Organisms of the first generation in spite of their relative
primitivity already had a rather reliable subsystem of algorithms' recording based on
the biochemical recording of genetic coding of DNA. The information practically from
all organic cells, included in an organism, is being collected in it. As the systemic
organisation of plants was becoming more complex, the reliability of the subsystems of
algorithms' recording, which were providing the coding of the deployment of the structure
of fnl. cells of all subsystems of an organism, correlated with spatial-temporal intervals,
was also increasing. At first, practically every organ of plants had a subsystem of
algorithms' recording. So until nowadays there are plants, in which during cultivation
of only one organ the deployment of all others is taking place. The lily of the valley
(the rhizome), the poplar (any part of stem), etc. can be attributed to them. However,
a system of algorithms' recording, made in a specific, especially for this destined
organ of a plant - its seeds, proved to be the most reliable one in the end. One
of the principal advantages of such a recording is the possibility of its realisation
(the reading of algorithms) after a big interval both in space and in time.

  
And really, it is quite possible to carry the seeds over to
a place situated in many kilometres from the mother plant and to plant them there, that
is to start the development of a new organism of plants, in several years after the
separation of a seed from the mother plant. All that met the requirements of the Evolution
of Matter along the ordinates of quality-time-space. We shall not dwell on the
mechanism itself of algorithms' recording of deployments of subsystems' structures of
a plant's entire organism in the embryo of seeds, but we should note that this recording
is so complete that it includes even quantitative and qualitative differences of all fnl.
cells in the structure of a given organism, the time of their deployment and periods of
functioning as well as algorithmic differences of each group of functionally isolated
fnl. cells. Therefore as soon as a seed gets into an appropriate fnl. cell of the
biogeocoenosis, its bioclock is turned on at once and the decoding of a precisely
composed gene recording of the embryo starts, being the first phase of the deployment
of the organism's structure of the next plant.

  
Seeds, as it is known, apart from a gene recording of the
embryo, have also a small reserve (a dry ration) of thoroughly selected elements,
essential for their use as fng. units in the beginning of the deployment of a plant's
structure. Later, as the evolution of their various subsystems was progressing, organisms
of plants became more 'provident' and apart from the accumulation of a strictly compulsory
stock of essential elements in the seed, they began also to accumulate a considerable
quantity of elements in its other, more spacious accumulative subsystem - fruits.
During the ripening of fruits the main mass of their fnl. cells, having principally the
accumulative function, is being filled in with all the elements, necessary for a normal
deployment from seeds of the first subsystems of a plant. This filling in, as with all
transformations in plants, happens not chaotically, but by obeying a strict regulation
of appropriate algorithms, according to which strictly definite molecular compounds in
the form of fng. units are filling in fnl. cells assigned for them, where they are being
polymerised with the help of the Sun's energy into more complex compounds, which provide
them with a more prolonged period of functioning.

  
Subsequently, after the completion of the ripening of fruits
and seeds, that is when all fnl. cells of their structures are filled with appropriate
fng. units, a fruit together with seeds falls on the upper layer of soil, where the
depolymerisation of its fng. units takes place, as a result of which a milieu of
nourishing elements for seeds which are also situated here is created. Therefore as soon
as the deployment of a new plant's structure begins from a seed, the reserved elements
of the depolymerised fruit serve as the principal source, providing the filling in of
its fnl. cells with appropriate fng. units.

  
During the process of its formation each seed passes through
the stage of fertilization, that is the moment of the joining of the two systems' forming
structures - pollen and an ovule. This conjunction serves for purposes of improvement of
plants' genotype in the way of the spreading around of more perfect structures of fnl.
cells of subsystems, formed during the mutation of genes. The perfecting of this process
was progressing from plants of both sexes, through one-home ones, that is with both
stamen's and pistil's flowers, to two-home ones, when both stamen's and pistil's flowers
are located on different plants. Thus, individuals of different sexes were formed already
among organisms of the first generation. The appearance of seeds from plants of different
sexes provides the availability of gene recording from two parents' systemic formations
as a minimum, which assists a permanent perfecting of the structure of fnl. cells of
a given species of a plant and the corresponding optimisation of an aggregate of their
algorithms. With the creation of gene recording of algorithms of formation and functioning
of fng. units of all subsystems of a plant, carried out in DNA of organic cells of seeds'
embryo, as well as providing of a minimum reserve of essential elements during the
deployment of the organism's structure, the fnl. activity of most plants - organisms
of the first generation - practically ends. After the termination of functioning, the
structures of their subsystems desintegrate, and fng. units that were filling in their
fnl. cells before, depolymerising cover the upper layer of soil, forming and keeping up
in this way its humus layer. In future odd elements of the humus layer can be included
into a composition of fng. units of the structure of a new plant, in order, after
functioning over there, to return to the humus layer again. This process is endless
and constitutes the foundation of the biogeocoenosis.

  
Though the number of varieties of organisms of the first
generation is great, their functional load as a whole is identical and the difference
consists only in the structural organisation of their subsystems, adjusted to these
or those peculiarities of the biogeocoenosis, in which they are territorially placed
and fng. units of which they are themselves. Therefore, having exhausted all possible
functional increases ( border="0">) in structures of organisms of the first generation, the Evolution
of Matter got over into a new sphere - to constructing of structures with new functions
in organisms with a higher systemic organisation, which are united in the next group -
organisms of the second generation. Their appearance was the consequence of the existence
of organisms of the first generation already sufficiently developed, though the subsequent
simultaneous functioning and evolution of organisms of both generations somewhat conceal
the secondarity of the genesis of organisms of the second generation. But that which
already tells the difference between them, is namely: in the latter ones, during the
formation of fng. units for fnl. cells of their subsystems, complex blocks of fng.
units of organisms of the first generation are being used as a foundation, revealing
the periodicity of the appearances of these two generations.

  
To the second generation of organisms all herbivorous
representatives of the animal world are attributed. The development in them of the
subsystem of accelerated artificial splitting of organic compounds of plants' tissue
structures allowed them to obtain in large quantities complex material compounds,
with the help of which they could permanently fill in fnl. cells of their more and
more complex subsystems, which assisted in the appearance of fnl. cells with new
characteristics and corresponded to the motion of Matter along the ordinates of
quality-time. We shall not analyse in detail the evolution of organisms of the
second generation from the protozoa unicellular to contemporary chordate from the class
of mammals' herbivorous animals. We shall note only that the main reason for the
divergence of their systemic organisation was the necessity to conform to the laws
of the Evolution of Matter. The basis of this very long process was a complication of
the morphophysiological structure of organisms, which has led to the appearance in the
proterozoic era (2 billion years ago) of animals with the double-sided symmetry of body
and with its differentiation to the front and rear ends. The front end became the place
for the development of organs of sense, nerve-centres and in the future - the brain.
In the process of the subsequent evolution, the divergence of types in the animal world
was mainly taking place and the substitution of primary low organisational primitive
forms by more highly organised ones in the way of more and more differentiation of the
structure and functions of tissues and organs of organisms. At the same time fnl. cells
of tissues of organisms of the second generation were already being filled in by only
heterotrophic organic cells as fng. units, that is incapable of a synthesis of organic
compounds from inorganic ones. In organic cells themselves the system of gene recording
in chains of DNA was perfecting more and more. A characteristic peculiarity of organic
cells of any organ remained, that in each of them all genes of a given kind of organisms
was available, however in cells of various tissues only few groups of genes were used,
that is only those of them in which algorithms of structural deployment and the
functioning of structures of fnl. cells, which given cells are occupying as fng.
units, are recorded.

  
The morphophysiological progress, or aromorphosis, that was
going for many hundred of millions of years, has led to considerable evolutionary
modifications of subsystems of the structure of organisms of the second generation
(that was expressed in the general rise of their organisation), biological progress
as well as to other not less important consequences. Here it is necessary first of all
to attribute the alienation of their systems from the humus layer of soil and the ability
to move easily and autonomously along a substratum. Owing to this, the organisms got
a possibility to assimilate gradually deserted areas of the Earth's surface in three